Daniel Hale Williams

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There have been many achievements and important discoveries from African Americans that contributed to the advancement of the American people. I would have to write volumes to name every one so I decided to choose a major accomplishment. Open Heart Surgery is one great accomplishments of America to date. Daniel Hale Williams performed the first open heart surgery July ,188. This was at a time when blacks still were not accepted as human beings or as a part of society. Daniel overcame many adversities to become a doctor and help with the advancement of African Americans. Though Williamss practice thrived, he saw that opportunities in the medical field were limited for black people. So in 181, Williams founded Provident Hospital and Medical Center in Chicago. It was countrys first black-owned hospital and had an interracial staff and nurse training school. Provident Hospital is still open today. Dr. Daniel Hale Williams came from humble beginnings, but through perseverance, hard work, and dedication as well enormous leadership talents, he rose to the position of a distinguished individual, an innovative administrator, and an outstanding surgeon.

While Daniel Hale William College he began to look into to the medical field because he'd seen others do well in medicine so he decided to try it. Almost immediately following his decision he started an apprenticeship with the distinguished Dr. Henry Palmer. His apprenticeship lasted three years but he had to move on to receive formal training if he wanted to become a true doctor. Dr Palmer suggested that Daniel enroll in the Midwest Chicago Medical College. He really wanted to but he had become poor after he was no longer working as a barber because he wanted to focus solely on becoming the best doctor he could be. Knowing how desperately Daniel wanted to go to Medical school John and Denise Daily, friends of the family gave him money to go to school. They even let him stay in their house until he finished. While he attended college his professors made it hard for him to do well because he was the only African American there studying to be a physician and they didn't like that. After four long years Daniel got his M.D in 188.

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At he start of his career he decided to go to Washington D.C. there were a lot of black people there so he felt he would have a good clientele. He stayed in D.C for about a year and a half but he was not satisfied with the work he was doing and didn't think he was making a difference. He then moved back to Chicago where he became a surgeon at the Southside Dispensary of Chicago. In 181 Williams founded The Provident hospital, it was a three-story building that had only twelve beds, which served the whole community. The hospital was also a school for aspiring black nurses because they weren't allowed in any other schools. Daniel always noticed the things that were not right in society he didn't understand why everyone couldn't attend the same schools and receive the same training. So he took it upon himself to help black people any way he could by opening the first hospital and nursing school. The hospital did quite well its first year considering the status of the patients, which were poor and had little if any insurance. Provident had an 87% success rate in the first year of it's opening with 400 patients and only of them died.

In 1884 President Cleveland appointed Dr. Williams the Surgeon in Chief's position at Freedman's Hospital in Washington D.C. He accepted and left behind Provident Hospital to one of his close associates Derrick Bell. Daniel ended up staying in D.C for five years, where he reorganized Freedman's Hospital as a training facility for black nurses also. Dr. Williams made every effort to aide black people against discrimination. Since he was a well-known doctor and respected by everyone he was able to get people to open nursing schools and hospital for blacks in the south.

On July , 18 James Cornish was involved in a bar fight and brutally wounded in the chest. He was rushed to Provident Hospital, by the time he arrived he had lost a great deal of blood and started going into shock. No one thought James was going to make it. Dr Williams contemplated how he was going to handle the situation because he believed that he could save his life. He knew that his chest would have to be opened to operate internally. At this time the thought of opening someone's chest to operate was unheard of. He soon made the decision to go ahead and open him up because he really didn't have any other choice. Daniel saw there was extensive damage to the sac surrounding the heart and he began to repair it. After 10 long hours of surgery James was still alive. The operation had saved his life and three months later he walked out of the hospital fully recovered and went on to live for 50 more years. Dr. Williams was so busy at the time with work that he did not document his achievement of performing the first open heart surgery. With the buzz of the news going around a local newspaper did an article on him, which he received the acclaim he deserved. Daniel was not concerned with being famous he just wanted to help people. The procedures for the operation would soon be used as blueprints for up and coming doctors.

A few years had gone by and Daniel moved back to D.C where he met Alice Johnson. Soon after they met they got married and Daniel took some time off to enjoy married life. He couldn't stay gone for long he knew he had to get back to saving lives and bettering people. Dr Williams resigned from the Freedman's Hospital and moved back to Chicago to resume his position at his own hospital. He also went all around the country overseeing patients and procedures in hospitals. Dr. Williams went on to become one of the founding members of The National Medical Association, which he and his colleagues organized for black doctors because they were not allowed in other medical associations.

Dr. Williams received many honors and awards after he retired. Howard and Wilberforce Universities made him an honorary member. He went on to publish several articles in medical journals. In 11 Williams was named a charter member of the American College of Surgeons, the same association that would not except him simply because he was black.

Dr. Daniel Hale Williams died on August 4, 11, in his summer home from a massive stroke. There was no way for him to get help because he was home alone. Dr. Williams will always be remembered as a part of American culture. He set the standards and ways for black people to advance at the time when no one wanted to see black people doing anything, especially not performing open-heart surgery. Without his massive achievements to society we still might not know how to perform open-heart surgery. Dr. Williams paved the way for future doctors and helped black people advance in the American Society.

Buckler, Helen. Daniel Hale Williams, Negro Surgeon. New York Pitman Corp, 168.

Kelves, Daniel J, "Daniel Hale Williams", World Book Online Americas Edition, Retrieved 15 April 00. http//www.aolsvc.worldbook.aol.com/ar? /na/ar/ar60460.htm

"The Past and the Promise Daniel Hale Williams". Chicago Historical Society, Retrieved 15 April 00. http//www.chicagohs.org/DGBPhotoEssay/DGB06.html

"Daniel Hale Williams", Association of Black Cardiologists, Inc. Pioneers. http//www.abcardio.org/daniel_williams.htm

Dupree, Michael; OLeary, J. Patrick. "Focuses on Dr. Daniel Hale Williams and looks at his first successful closure of a laceration of the pericardium". American Surgeon. Apr7, Vol. 6 Issue 4, p7, p

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How does Miller present and develop John Proctor's character in the first two acts of 'The Crucible'?

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At the start of the play Arthur miller tells us how john views himself as a sinner against moral fashion at the time and in his own vision of decent conduct because of his affair with Abigail. The guilt he feels is shown when he says I will cut of my hand before I reach for you again in Act one to Abigail when she tries to convince him of her love. By John saying that it makes him sound like a criminal who is stating his own punishment. Arthur Miller here is telling us that John is guilty about his past actions and will punish himself before he repeats it. In the middle of Act two John openly declares his guilt to Elizabeth. He tries to make her understand that he is sorry and that she should not judge him. She is right though, when she says it is john who is the harshest judge. His guilty conscience is once again highlighted towards the end of act two when he passionately says that goodness will not die for me (His wife, Elizabeth). Here Arthur miller shows us that in Johns eyes he is the sinner and Elizabeth represents all things good.

In Act one we see that John still has feelings for Abigail. We pick up on these feelings when he meets her at the start, he gives her a knowing smile, tells her he thinks of her softly from time to time and confirms with her that he sometimes stands outside her window at night. However he also still has feelings for his wife, Arthur Miller shows us this when he shouts at Abigail for being rude about his wife and then threatens to whip her if she doesnt stop. Throughout acts one and two we see that his feelings for Abigail and Elizabeth both change. When he is at home with Elizabeth his is caring, gentle when he speaks to her and kisses her to try and make things better between them. We can see that he still loves his wife but then when she tries to persuade him to go to Salem to betray Abigail he is reluctant, showing that he has feelings for Abigail and then gets angry when she brings out his feelings in the open. However his feelings then change about Abby when he realizes that she has accused his wife, a plan to get rid of her so she can get to him. We realize that he no longer cares for her when he shouts we shall slide together into our pit to Mary when she comes forth about her knowledge of the affair. Johns feelings for Abby change but his feelings for Elizabeth change too. In the middle of Act John is reluctant to go to Salem because he has feelings for Abby and because it will ruin him if the news of the affair leak out. Then at the end of Act John no longer cares of his reputation he only cares about his love for his wife and saving her from the court. His love is shown when he says I will bring you home, I will bring you soon', I will fall like and ocean on the court, fear nothing Elizabeth' and when he says that goodness will not die for me. Johns character changes with the situations that he faces, he realizes how much he loves Elizabeth and because of this another change comes about in his character, his reputation, his pride and his stubborn behavior come second and not first as in the beginning of the play.

John is honest throughout the play. At the start John tells Abby straight that the affair is over between them, he then also tells Parris exactly how he feels about his preaching techniques. John doesnt lie, a sign of the depth of his religious beliefs. He also is honest when he tells Elizabeth how he has tip toed in the house these seven months after Abigail has gone. He doesn't hide anything form Elizabeth, he wants to get everything out in the open which shows how he desperately wants to close the gap in their marriage. Arthur Miller also carries this characterization through Act when he shows that John also speaks true to Mr. Hale and outsider to Salem about his personal beliefs. He is true right to the very end when he calls Mr. Hale a coward for not coming through with his doubts.

At the start of the Play we see that John has a strong personality. His honesty shows us that his opinions and views mean a lot to him, He goes as he pleases, totally independent. However this characterization of his is changed to due the circumstances that face him. We see that in Act two Johns is desperate to make amends with his wife. He goes about on tip toe; he compromises with himself and changes when he is around her which shows that he is truly sorry. At the end of Act two we are shown the stark contrast between the strong John Proctor at the start of act one and the defenseless man left at the end of act two that can not do anything but watch his wife be taken away.

Throughout acts one and two we are shown that Johns pride and his reputation mean a lot to him. He is proud of his status in society, which is shown when he reminds Parris that everyone needs to be consulted before Parris can take steps. John is also reluctant to go into town to accuse Abigail of lying as he doesn't want his reputation damaged if the truth about his affair comes out. At the end of Act we can see that his pride is still very important to his when he doesn't let his wife Elizabeth be degraded by being chained to the wagon when she is taken away.

From the start and through to the end of Act John is a rebellion trough and through, his rebellion behavior only gets stronger as he adopts to the changing situations around him. At the start we know that he is of an independent mind, in the strict religious community that he lives in he only attends church occasionally as he feels that the minister isnt up to his standards. His affair with Abigail is a sign of his rebellious character because he breaks all of puritan society codes by sleeping with Abigail. He rebels towards the law when he rips up Elizabeth's warrant. Overall his views and opinions al rebel against society in general.

Arthur Miller also shows John as being quite hypocritical. He admits he still has feelings for Abby but then defends his wife in front of Abigail. He tells Mary to obey her duty to his wife and go and help out at home and yet he hasnt fulfilled any duties to his wife by having an affair with her servant. He is reluctant to go and blacken his name in the village and yet he wants to help his friends. He is also hypocritical when he doesn't want to make his affair public and yet he wants to protect his wife.

by khadija khera

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Risks of young women smoking

If you order your cheap term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on risks of young women smoking. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality risks of young women smoking paper right on time. Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in risks of young women smoking, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your risks of young women smoking paper at affordable prices with cheap essay writing service! Risk Analysis of

Young Women Smoking

By Louise Eccles

Smoking is the number one preventable cause of death in women in the United States. Of the more than 140,000 women who die prematurely from tobacco-related illnesses each year, 80 percent began smoking while they were adolescents. Evidence demonstrates that young people who begin to use tobacco do not understand the nature of the addiction and, as a result, believe they will be able to avoid the harmful consequences of tobacco use. These adolescents do not realize the long-term effects of their actions.

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Smoking by Girls

Each day in the United Stated about 1,500 girls being smoking. Nearly all first use of tobacco occurs before high school graduation.

Since 11, cigarette smoking by adolescents has risen annually. The 15 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse estimates that 0 percent of youths aged 1-17 (4.5 million adolescents) were current smokers in 15. In 14, the rate was 18. percent.

Approximately 1 of 5 teenage girls now smoke.

Why Do Girls Smoke?

When most girls begin smoking, they are usually caught up in the moment, in the immediate experience of what appears to be a cool, adult, or even glamorous behavior. They are naive about the powerful addictive nature of nicotine, which, for some adolescents, takes hold after only a few cigarettes. For example

Combined 11 and 1 data from the National Health Interview Survey show that 76 percent of young women smokers ages 1 to 4 years say they feel dependent on cigarettes. Among those who had tried to quit smoking during the 1 months preceding the survey, 8 percent were unable to do so.

Health Effects of Smoking The Short-Term Effects of Smoking include

Nicotine Addiction. The younger an adolescent is when she begins to smoke, the more severe her level of nicotine addiction is likely to be.

Respiratory Problems. Cigarette smoking during childhood and adolescence causes an increase in cough and phlegm production, an increase in the number and severity of respiratory illnesses, decreased physical fitness, and potential retardation in the rate of lung growth and in the level of maximum lung function.

Coronary Artery Disease Smokers have early development of coronary artery disease and abnormal lipid levels, possible precursors of heart disease.

Dental Problems. Tobacco use by adolescents is associated with early signs of periodontal degeneration and with lesions in the mouth that can develop into oral cancers.

Mental Health Effects. Many adolescent smokers report mental health effects, such as nervousness and depression, and tend to engage in more high-risk behaviors than adolescents who do not smoke.

Health-Damaging Behaviors. Tobacco is associated with a range of health-damaging behaviors, including an increased risk of being involved in fights, engaging in high-risk sexual behavior, and using alcohol and other drugs.

Negative Effects on Quality of Life. Smoking affects a young womans quality of life - leading to bad breath, wrinkled skin, stained teeth, and other negative effects that influence how she looks and feels.

Long-Term Health Effects of Smoking Include

Cancer. Women who smoke have at least a 10 times greater likelihood of developing lung cancer than nonsmoking women. The increase in lung cancer among women parallels the increase in smoking in women over the past six decades. Between 160 and 10, the death rate from lung cancer among women increased by more than 400 percent, and the rate is continuing to increase. In 187, lung cancer surpassed breast cancer as the number one cause of cancer deaths among American women. In 15, lung cancer killed 6,000 women; of those deaths, 47,18 (76.1 percent) are attributable to smoking. In addition to lung cancer, tobacco use is a major risk factor for cancers of the mouth, throat, esophagus, kidney, pancreas, bladder, and cervix.

Cardiovascular and Respiratory Diseases. Cigarette smoking greatly increases a womans chance of developing cardiovascular diseases. Smoking by women in the United States is associated with almost as many deaths from heart disease as from lung cancer, more than 61,000 each year. A woman who smokes is two to six times more likely to suffer a heart attack than a nonsmoking woman, and the risk increases with the number of cigarettes smoked each day. The risk for cardiovascular disease also increases among young woman who both smoke and use oral contraceptives. In addition, smoking increases the risk of having a stroke. Each year, about 8,000 women die from strokes attributable to smoking. The risks for emphysema, bronchitis, and pneumonia are also increased among women who smoke.

Reproductive Health. Smoking may be damaging to womens reproductive health. It is associated with infertility, complications during pregnancy, and an earlier onset of menopause. The estimated 18 to 0 percent of pregnant women who smoke throughout their pregnancies subject themselves and their fetuses and newborns to significant health risks, including miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm delivery, low birth weight infants, and higher rates of infant mortality.

Childrens Health. Tobacco use by mothers can also adversely affect the health of their children. The risk for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) increases among infants who are exposed to intrauterine smoke and to secondhand smoke after pregnancy. A study from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Emory University reports that smoking during pregnancy also increases the risk by 50 percent of having a child with mental retardation; this increased risk rises up to 85 percent among those who smoke a pack or more of cigarettes each day. The health of as many as 1 million children with asthma is worsened by exposure to secondhand smoke.

Gender Differences In The Effects Of Tobacco Use

Women appear to be more susceptible to the addictive properties of nicotine and have a slower metabolic clearance of nicotine from their bodies than do men.

Females appear to be more susceptible to the effects of tobacco carcinogens than males. Some studies have shown that smoking the same number of cigarettes, women have higher rates of lung cancer. Girls and women are significantly more likely than boys and men to feel dependent on cigarettes and more likely to report being unable to cut down on smoking.

Summary

Tobacco use by adolescent women is a public problem of enormous magnitude that exacts a tremendous cost on the health of our Nations youth today and tomorrow. The DHHS has made the prevention and control of tobacco use by adolescents a top priority and is developing effective strategies working with professional, academic, and community groups. The U.S. Public Health Services Office on Womens Health is committed to working together between Federal Government and private sector groups to increase public awareness and health professional attention to this critical public health problem.

The programs and activities in womens health of the U.S. Public Health Services Office on Womens Health, joined with initiatives being implemented across the agencies of the Department of Health and Human Services, are providing a solid foundation from which to implement meaningful policies and programs in womens health, including community-based prevention and treatment programs, research on womens health issues, delivery of targeted health care services, education and information dissemination, health care professional training in womens health issues, and fostering the advancement of women in the health professions and in research careers. Through a combination of leadership, creativity, and determination, DHHS is working to realize a healthier future for all women in the United States.

Please note that this sample paper on risks of young women smoking is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on risks of young women smoking, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college papers on risks of young women smoking will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The Road Not Taken

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on The Road Not Taken. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality The Road Not Taken paper right on time. Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in The Road Not Taken, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your The Road Not Taken paper at affordable prices with cheap essay writing service! Okima E. Ekanem

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April 7, 00

Key to College Success

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Sheila Akers

Summary

Most people today think that the ability to succeed in college is a natural gift, something one is born with. People also fail to realize that ability is in a large part derived through learning. In the write-up "Keys to College Success", Sheila Akers states that there are four keys to becoming a smart student and a power learner. The keys are

· Manage your time,

· Attend classes and take notes,

· Read your text book in an organized way, and

· Take responsibility for your studies.

In this write-up, I will summarize Sheila Akers' writing and present the main points regarding the keys to college success.

To illustrate how a student can manage his or her time properly to derive the best benefits, Akers uses a student named Gordon to typify a student with full load. She illustrates how students can easily be overwhelmed by work because they sandwich their reading between several other distractions. She makes a point that Gordon needed to plan his studies by setting specific timelines and specific reading goals. Managing time or time control according to Akers, can be achieved in three steps. First is to have a monthly calendar for the school year. Mark off important days such as tests days, days papers are due, etc. and place the calendar in a conspicuous place where you can see it everyday. Second, prepare a weekly realistic schedule. In the schedule show all the fixed hours such as for meals, classes, work, etc. Then depending on your class load mark the study hours for the week. Make sure your study times are realistic and that you stick to your schedule including the time you allocate for play or non-school activities. Third, and finally make up a to-do list. It could be weekly or daily depending on you. If daily, write the list the previous day for the following day. If weekly, write the to-do list on Sundays. Carry the list with you all the time for reinforcement. Prioritize the items on your list doing the more important ones first. By following the steps outlined above, you will start to take control of your time, your studies, and your life.

Attending classes and taking notes are keys to college success. Again, Akers uses Tracy, a bright freshman to underscore her points regarding class attendance and notes taking. The myth that if you don't take notes or miss classes you can catch up by reading the book is just that a myth. Notes are very important because they capture the teacher's thoughts and highlight the important points to remember about the subject. Attendance is very important because it provides continuity regarding listening and taking the notes. In an exam situation, where a student needs to study, the notes are concise, while the book may be overbearing. Reliance on the books alone usually overwhelms the student and the end result is poor performance at tests or exams. In the write-up these are exactly what happened to Tracy at her first exam. She did poorly because she did not take notes or attend classes regularly. Akers provides hints on taking effective class notes. First, attend all classes. Missing classes, you miss the rich college experience. The instructor typically presents and develops the main ideas and facts of the course in class. These are also the things one is expected to remember or know in exams. Second, take a lot of notes. It is better to take too much notes than not. Studies have shown that after a month, retention of what one hears is only about 5 percent. Notes on the other hand being written materials can be reviewed and therefore you stand a chance of retaining 100 percent of what was taught in class. Learn to abbreviate while taking notes. Write down everything your instructor puts on the board. If it is important enough for the instructor to put on the board, it should be considered very important to be included in your notes. Review your notes as soon as possible after classes this keeps the thoughts clear and you can make minor corrections because the information is still fresh in your mind from the classes. It also allows for putting in punctuation marks for clarity you may even want to re-organize the notes for ease of reference.

Akers also suggests reading textbooks in an organized way. To illustrate this point, she refers to Laura's experience at her first college exam. Laura, Akers states had three chapters from a Sociology text to read. She used a marker to highlight the first ten pages, read additional pages with no highlights, and then skimmed the rest of the text. At the end she was not sure what she had read, then decided to take notes, then flipped through the text. Given all of these frustrations, Akers recommends the third key to college success reading textbook in a systematic way. There is a four-step process named PRWR (Preview, Read, Write, Recite) guaranteed to boost your reading power. Previewing involves spending to minutes previewing or surveying your reading to get a sense of the material. Look at the title, read over the first and last paragraphs of the selection. This is usually the introduction and the summary respectively. Make notes of the main headings and the relationships. Read the materials from start to finish and mark important parts. Be selective with your markings using your discretion depending on the subject matter and what you consider salient to boost your understanding. After reading and marking your text, write study notes. Use the author's words in combination with yours to make the notes robust and meaningful within your context. Finally, recite the ideas in your notes. Akers summarizes that one should preview, read, write, and recite ones college reading assignments. Combining these habits with learning the classroom notes one will be prepared to deal with and be successful at college exams.

Finally, Akers points to taking responsibility for ones studies to be successful at college. In her example, she talks about Ronald who gave up on his classes. He spent his time playing sports, sleeping, watching lots of television, and socializing with his friends. He even carried books around campus acting the part and playing student. Passive transit through college does not a successful student make. To be a successful student, one has to realize that one has to be an active student, taking responsibility for ones studies, by following all the key points discussed here.

In conclusion, success at college involves managing ones time wisely by balancing school and non-school activities to maximize the use of one's time. Second, one also has to diligently attend classes and take complete notes. Thirdly, a student has to read his or her books in an organized way, and fourthly, take responsibility for ones study at college. You make the efforts at all four areas, and you are guaranteed to be successful at college. Remember the clich- nothing ventured, nothing gained.

Please note that this sample paper on The Road Not Taken is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Road Not Taken, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on The Road Not Taken will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Pyramid scheme

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on pyramid scheme. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality pyramid scheme paper right on time. Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in pyramid scheme, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your pyramid scheme paper at affordable prices with cheap essay writing service! Si Duong

Joe Carrithers

September 16, 00

English 10HCheap Custom Essays on pyramid scheme

Too Good to Be True

The Truth behind Pyramid Schemes

"Psst....want to make a lot of money real fast? You can earn up to $5,000 a week - with comparatively little work! Are you interested? Alright, alright, just come to this meeting. And look nice, too. This is for real! Does this sound familiar to you? Instinctively, you should know better than to listen or act upon ads with promise of quick attainable wealth and financial freedom. But as many as 80,000 people across the United States are frequently coerced into a pyramid scheme with the illusion that he/she can accomplish his/her goal of attainable wealth; without realizing that pyramid schemes offer a little more than the complicity in the scheme itself .

By definition a pyramid scheme is a fraudulent system of making money based on recruiting an ever-increasing number of investors. (http//www.ftc.gov/). The initial promoters recruit these investors, who in turn recruit more investors, and so on. The scheme is called a pyramid because at each level, the number of investors increases. The small group of initial promoters at the top requires a large base of later investors to support the scheme by providing profits to the earlier investors. Let's take a recently new organization called by.net who

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claimed to be an innovative internet access provider. It hopes that one day of taking over rival internet access provider such as AOL Time Warner.

The company prides itself on its low prices and the numerous services it offers. Among these services is a virtual shopping mall with many big-brand affiliations and "cross-platform instant messaging solution," (http//www.by.net/aross/present/flipchart1.asp) which allows users to chat with other users across many chat-platforms. Finally, by offers numerous awards for using their service and finding customers. But this doesn't end here; by offers a special alternative program in which the customers can become a "representative" of by who are allowed to advertise their product. You make money by selling their product and recruiting other "representatives." The requirement to become a "representative" is to simply paid $40.00 to sign up and $70.00 registration fee to be allowed to promote its products (http//by.cjb.net/). The company justifies these fee by explaining that the fees covers various business expenses and it also covers hosting fees of a website which the company provide for you.

The practice of recruiting such representatives, herein referred to as distributors and profiting from their registration fees is known as pyramiding, or multilevel marketing (MLM) [In accordance with FTC regulations and laws passed in a majority of the 50 US states]. Although pyramiding in itself is not expressly illegal, "a great majority of organizations practicing MLM turn out to be illegal pyramid schemes" (Rushkoff 1). Therefore, just by definition, one must be cautious of bys business method. But without doing further research, it is impossible to comment on the legitimacy of by. The harm cause by a pyramid scheme may be summed up as follows since most of the promised rewards are tied to recruitment, a situation is created in which the monetary benefits set forth by the company cannot come true for

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the vast majority of the participants. "The resulting losses are not accidental; they are determined by the structure of a compensation plan that ties most of the promised reward to a participant's ability to recruit others into the program. By the very nature of the recruitment pattern, earnings representations attached to a pyramid scheme must turn out to be false". (http//www.labbb.org/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=wsbroker1/C%A/Inetpub/wwwroot/SouthlandReport/default.htm?hCompID=11868&hAKAID=1&hAddrID=1).

Retailing is important in a pyramid scheme (keeping in mind that a pyramid scheme is always incognito to the public eye), multi-level marketing sales is the most common disguise of pyramid schemes. If the MLM Company is growing primarily by getting more distributors to purchase goods and these distributors are not reselling to consumers (people not enrolled as other distributors) then the company is disguised as a distribution company. In fact, "as the products or benefits being offered become less and less tangible" (Rushkoff 0) no distribution and no true selling are occurring, just recruiting. This means that the main way to make money in that company is to enroll many others, and the main way for those others to make money will be to enroll still more. Mathematically, this cannot continue, so the plan cannot deliver its promises. It is a scam. The trick is on the distributors who are required to buy products and they must trick others into also buying goods (and trying to sell them to still more distributors.) If commissions, bonuses or overrides are being paid, but little retailing is occurring, then the commissions are really recruitment fees. "Multilevel marketing schemes sell nothing more than membership and a get-rich scenario" (Rushkoff 0).

Some might argued that by is not a pyramid scheme, but rather a job opportunity given to a person who is willing to cooperate with the company's rules in working at his or her own

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pace to make a sustainable income. At the by website the company states that by is not a salaried position but an entrepreneurial enterprise, the company do not guarantees of income.

"No one makes money in by.net exclusively by recruitment. To be certified, one must have obtained two non-rep ISP customers. by .net is a customer acquisition company that teaches others how to acquire customers for their own internet ecommerce businesses. Representatives can make an income without an organization, using customers alone. A representative engaging exclusively in recruitment only practices is subject to immediate termination."(http//www.by.net/aross/present/flipchart.asp).

The use of pyramid occurs in every aspects of our society government, business, jobs, and even sports team or competitions epitomized a pyramid. So every pyramid case is not necessary affected adversely, but rather have positive outcomes. For example, if our country does not operate in a pyramid-like function then it would be corrupt because you need to have an operation in which you have a leader (the president) controlling a small group (congress) to make justifiable laws to maintain his/her people. Likewise in any sporting game you have to have a coach and his assistants to guide and lead the team, otherwise the team is disorderly conducted or you would not have a team at all.

Lastly, whether you are coerced into a pyramid scheme, win or loose, it is ultimately depended upon one's choice to decide his/her faith of financial freedom. Financial freedom does not guarantee happiness in life, but freedom of choice is. Beneficial or detrimental, the ultimate question that remains is an ethical one. Are you willing to partcipate in a proven scam? Are you willing to bring friends, family and acquaintances into a hostile situation? And are you willing to risk losing both business and friendship for a quick monetary fix? So the choice is yours, choose it wisely.

Please note that this sample paper on pyramid scheme is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on pyramid scheme, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on pyramid scheme will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Computer Technology

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Computer Technology. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Computer Technology paper right on time. Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Computer Technology, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Computer Technology paper at affordable prices!

http//wwwsel.iit.nrc.ca/projects/cots/icse000wkshp/Papers/.pdf;

"COTS Software Selection The Need To Make Tradeoffs Between System Requirements, Architectures and COTS/Components"; Ncube, Cornelius and Maiden, Neil; Center For HCI Design.

This paper, presents a new research agenda to address problems of COTS software selection in the forthcoming decade. It describes the increasing shift towards software engineering based on COTS software packages, the limitations of current COTS/component-based software engineering methods and research efforts, and proposes a new research agenda to address the problems which arise from a software engineering process based on the reuse of COTS software and software components. The focus of the proposed research is how can we develop complex software systems by integrating together different combinations of COTS software packages and software components.

Even though this paper leaves a lot of open issues, it presents a great method for requirements engineering for COTS software selection, then critiques it and identifies possible new research directions and future solutions. This paper provides many great examples and diagrams to help you understand what is being talk about thought out the paper.

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For further investigation, there is an excellent reference list that has 1 references listed, that are from very good sources.

http//www-.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu/project/edrc-ballista/www/;

"The Ballista Project; COTS Software Robustness Testing"; Koopman, Prof. Phil; Carnegie Mellon University.

This paper covers The Ballista automated robustness testing approach probes software to see how effective it is at exception handling. For example, Ballista testing can find ways to make operation systems crash, and can make other software packages suffer abnormal termination instead of gracefully returning error indications. Ballista testing enables users to test the robustness of home-grown and third party software on their own computers. Ballista is a "black box" software testing tool, and is works well on testing the APIs of Commercial Off-The-Self (COTS) software. Ballista started as a DARPA funded research project, and is now largely completed. Ballista changes this by providing a simple, repeatable way to directly measure software robustness without requiring source code or behavioral specifications. As a result, product developers can use robustness metrics to compare off-the-shelf software components, and component developers can measure their effectiveness at exception handling.

This paper was kind of complex and did not really have too much good information written it in. It was hard to understand and you really had to get into the paper and dig for the information in order to be able to find it.

This paper was not a very good reference at all. It did not provide a list of reference or any type of bibliography, so it would not be a good source for further investigation.

http//fessp.llnl.gov/csrc/files/146.pdf; "Using Commercial Off The Self (COTS) Software in High Consequence Safety Systems"; Scott, John A. and Preckshot, G. Gary.

This paper is based on work performed by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory1 to assist the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission in understanding the state of the art with respect to applying commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) software to high-consequence safety systems. These systems, for which the consequences of failure can be severe or catastrophic, must be developed, implemented, and maintained in ways that provide assurance that catastrophic consequences will be prevented. This paper discusses various aspects of the question of using commercially available software in these systems. Risk, grading, and system assessment are discussed, and relevant standards are summarized. A recommendation for addressing key issues regarding the use of commercial software in high-consequence safety systems is given. Given the current state of the art in software engineering and the technical, political, and maintenance considerations associated with typical commercial software, it appears that it will be difficult at best to incorporate COTS software products into high-consequence safety systems. If an effective grading process is in place, however, the tradeoffs associated with the use of COTS products in lower risk categories become more palatable

This was a very well written paper, which may it easy to understand and helped me to learn things myself, as I read this paper. There are many good examples throughout the paper, along with great models and charts to help us better understand about COTS.

This paper had 5 references included on the reference list that could possibly be used as a good source for further investigation.

http//www.slis.ualberta.ca.cais000/beheshti.htm;

"Problems With COTS Software; A Case Study"; Beheshti, Jamshid and Dupuis, John; McGill University.

This paper reports on the use of Commercial Off The Self (COTS) software for developing a dynamic environment for an online public access catalogue (OPAC). COTS products are widely used throughout the industry. While there are many potential benefits, use of COTS components is also fraught with pitfalls. The research on creating a dynamic environment for OPACs is based on the previous work in this area, Public Access Catalogue Extension (PACE), which was developed with custom-based software programs. Although in the previous research project all the programs all the programs were successfully developed in C and C++, the present project relied very little on original and custom programming. Instead, a number of COTS products were used to construct the dynamic environment Macromedia Director, D Dreams, Extreme D, Crossroads, and Easybase. These COTS products were chosen for their ability to produce the desired results, their availability at reasonable costs, and their capability to integrate with one another. The paper also states that developers indicate that while COTS products might be suitable for applications in "known environments" custom architecture should be considered for new and unexplored projects.

This paper was very well written. It was very easy to read and understand exactly what was being said. The paper described everything step by step along the way and gave a table at the end with the results and exactly how they came about.

For further investigation, there is an excellent reference list that has 17 references listed, that are from very good sources, to choose from.

http//www.hpl.hp.com/research/tsl/external%0publications/tech%0reports/HPL-00-178.pdf; "Towards Diversity Of COTS Software Applications Reducing Risks of Widespread Faults and Attacks"; Mont, Marco Casassa; Baldwin, Adrian; Beres, Yolanta; Harrison, Keith; Sadler, Martin and Shiu, Simon; HP Laboratories Bristol; June 6, 00.

This paper introduces an alternative approach to diversity which takes advantage of the componentization of modern commercial software. Critical software components are identified during the risk assessment phase and multiple (functionally equivalent) implementations are developed. These multiple implementations of components are distributed within software installation packages. The paper also states that experiments based on simulations show that there is a clear advantage to increasing diversity of standard components to help in managing attacks. It is clear to see from the results stated in the paper, that both the number of infected systems and the speed of infection are inversely proportional to the level of diversity. The feasibility and efficacy of the proposed model has to be verified in real-world scenarios.

This paper was definitely well written the best out of all five of the references that I have read. It was very easy to understand, provided great examples, and even a couple of great visual models that made things easier to understand, by being able to see it.

This paper has an excellent reference list, with different references to choose from, if you would want to do further investigation.

Please note that this sample paper on Computer Technology is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Computer Technology, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Computer Technology will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Macbeth Essay

If you order your cheap essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Macbeth Essay. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Macbeth Essay paper right on time. Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Macbeth Essay, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Macbeth Essay paper at affordable prices with cheap essay writing service! Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are basically good people who make an ill judgement. It is unfair for Malcolm to describe them as this dead butcher and his fiend - like queen. In the beginning they are respected people who share a loving relationship. Their downfall is caused by their ambition for Macbeth to be great, sparked by the witches prophecy, and not because they are evil. Macbeths indecision on whether or not to kill Duncan, and Lady Macbeths begging of the spirits to take away her feminine qualities, show that ruthlessness does not come easily to them.

Macbeth is a Scottish nobleman and important kinsman of King Duncan, whose devising and heroic leadership of a winning tactic in a battle show his talent, courage and loyalty to his country. He is well respected, and after his feat of braveness, Duncan believes him worthy to receive the title of Thane of Cawdor, which is a huge honour to Macbeth. The problem with this, though, is that it helps to spark his ambition, which, we find later, is his tragic flaw.

Lady Macbeth is a loyal wife with ambitions for her husband. She believes that Macbeth deserves to be King, but thinks that he is too nice to do anything about it. She does not think that he could kill Duncan on his own. She is supportive of Macbeth, and is willing to do what she can to help him get what he wants. She is basically a caring and loving person, though, so she pleads with the Spirits to take away her tenderness and femininity and make her ruthless Come, you spirits/ That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, /And fill me, from the crown to the toe, top full/ Of direst cruelty. (I.v.8-41). This evidence on Macbeth and Lady Macbeth proves that, at the beginning of the play, they are both good, virtuous people.

When the witches predict that he shall be king, Macbeth does not think that he should do anything about making the prophecy come true If Chance will have me king, why Chance may crown me/ Without my stir. (I.iv.4-44). However, when King Duncan places an extra obstacle in his way by naming his son, Malcolm, as his successor, Macbeth realises that, if he is to be king, then he must kill Duncan The Prince of Cumberland! That is a step/ On which I must fall down, or else oerleap/ For in my way it lies. Stars hide your fires, / Let not light see my black and deep desires. (I.iv.4-5).

Help with essay on Macbeth Essay

When Lady Macbeth reads in her husbands letter of the witches prediction, she, too, realises that Duncan must be killed for it to come true. She thinks that Macbeth deserves to be great, and should murder Duncan so that this can be so, but she believes that he is too noble and honest to do something so immoral Yet do I fear thy nature / It is too full othe milk of human-kindness/ To catch the nearest way. Thou wouldst be great / Art not without ambition, but without / The illness should attend it. (I.v.14-18).

Although Macbeth wants to be king, he does not wish to kill Duncan, and he thinks aloud to himself of his reasons First, as I am his kinsman and his subject, / Strong both against the deed; then, as his host, / who should against his murderer shut the door, / Not bear the knife myself. (I.vii.1). Macbeth does not want to kill Duncan because he is his king and close relation, and because it is his duty as host to protect him. This shows that he is not evil. If he were, his kinship and duty to the king would offer no hindrance to his decision to murder him.

Lady Macbeth knows that Macbeths conscience and indecision will hinder his ambitions. It is because of this that she resolves to use brave, scolding and punishing words to drive away his doubts, and to encourage him to commit the deed that will obtain him the crown Hie thee hither, / that I may pour my spirits in thine ear, / And chastise with the valour of my tongue / All that impedes thee from the golden round. (I.v.4-7).

Although Lady Macbeth is supportive of her husband, and tries to persuade him to murder Duncan, she does not force him to do it. Macbeth decides to kill Duncan on his own, with his tragic flaw, ambition, as the main influence of his decision. For Macbeth to be a tragedy, as Shakespeare intended it to be, no one must force him to make the decision that ultimately brings him down. He must make the decision, based on his tragic flaw, on his own.

After murdering Duncan, Macbeth is agitated and frightened. He forgets to place the daggers near Duncans guards as he planned to, and is too afraid to go near the place of murder to correct the mistake Ill go no more. / I am afraid to think what I have done; / Look ont again I dare not. (II.ii.50-5). Macbeth wishes to wash his hands of Duncans blood, and thus the deed, but believes that no amount of water could remove all the blood Will all great Neptunes ocean wash this blood / Clean from my hand? No, (II.ii.60-61). He regrets killing Duncan, wishing that he would wake from his sleep of death Wake Duncan with thy knocking! I would thou couldst! (II.ii.74).

Lady Macbeth, on the other hand, is calm and logical immediately after the murder. She does not appear to be at all worried about being caught, believing that, by cleaning their hands of blood, they are cleaning their hands of the deed A little water clears us of this deed. (II.ii.67). The wine she has drunk has made her brave, and she fixes Macbeths mistake by placing the bloodied daggers near the guards so that they are blamed for the murder. It seems as though the murder has had no effect on Lady Macbeth until she sees Duncans body, when the realisation of what they have done hits her and causes her to faint. This shows that the wine she had drunk and the fact that she had not yet seen what they had done caused her visage of carelessness. It is because of these actions by Macbeth and Lady Macbeth that we see that they are good people who would not usually commit such a crime.

Soon after the murder of Duncan, Macbeth and Lady Macbeths relationship begins to change. During the planning of the murder, Lady Macbeth is in charge, instructing her husband on what to do. After hiring the murderers to kill Banquo and Fleance, Macbeth tells his wife to Be innocent of the knowledge, dearest chuck, till thou applaud the deed. (III.ii.45-46), showing that he is beginning to take control, plotting on his own and not even telling his wife what he is planning to do.

Where, before he was king, Macbeth was acting according to his ambition, by the beginning of Act III he is fighting for survival. He realises that he has come too far and killed too many people to turn back I am in blood / Stepped in so far, that, should I wade no more, / Returning were as tedious as go oer. (III.iv.16-17).

He has come to distrust everybody, especially Macduff, even to the point of hiring spies, and intend to kill any who get in his way Theres not a one of them, but in his house / I keep a servant feed ... For mine own good / All causes shall give way. (III.iv.10-11,14-15). Macbeth is worried about the consequences of his actions. He is afraid that nature will somehow find away to avenge the murders that he has committed It will have blood, they say; blood will have blood. (III.iv.11). Macbeth soon realises that, if the witches told the truth, then all that he fought for will go to Banquos sons instead of his own For Banquos issue have I filed my mind, / For them the gracious Duncan have I murdered, / Put rancours in the vessel of my peace, / Only for them. (III.i.64-67). This realisation frustrates Macbeth, and makes him even more determined to survive. He is also frustrated by Macduff leaving the country before he has a chance to kill him. If he is evil in this play at all, it is now, when he takes out these frustrations by having Macduffs family killed. Macbeth is no longer killing for entirely selfish reasons. He is now like a soldier, killing for survival and what he has fought for.

The last time that we see Lady Macbeth in command is at the banquet in Act III. In this scene, Lady Macbeth tries to protect and cover up for Macbeth by excusing his behaviour as a fit when Banqous ghost appears to him and he addresses it in terror. The next time we see her is in the beginning of the last Act, and she is far from the confident, calm person that we see in Act I. She has begun sleepwalking, and is obviously tormented by the murders that she has had part in. Earlier, she thought that a little water was all that was needed to wash her hands of Duncans blood, but, while sleepwalking, she thinks that her hands are covered in blood that cannot be removed Yet heres a spot…Out, damned spot! Out, I say!…What, will these hands neer be clean?…Heres the smell of the blood still. All the / Perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand. (V.i.1,4,4,48-4). By her behaviour, we see that Lady Macbeth is paying the penalty for the mistakes she helped to make. She was just trying to be a good wife by helping her husband receive what she believed he deserved. Her suffering is such that it leads to suicide, which shows that Lady Macbeth is not at all fiend-like. If she were, then the murders would have had no effect on her.

By the end of the play, Macbeth begins to be tired of living Igin to be aweary of the sun. (V.v.4). As he prepares to defend the castle, he desperately holds on to the hope that the witches prophecies are true, for he believes that, if they are not, then all that he has gained will be lost. While fighting, Macbeth does not want to kill Macduff, because he has hurt him enough by killing his family My soul is too much charged with blood of thine already. (V.viii.5-6). Believing in the witches prediction that none of woman born (IV.i.7) could harm him, and believing that all men are of woman born, he is unafraid of Macduff. When he finds that Macduff was born by caesarean, and therefore is not, in the usual sense, of woman born, he realises that the witches have tricked him. He knows then that, as the witches predicted, Macduff will kill him, but refuses to surrender. This reminds us of the fearless soldier of the first Act and shows that he is not afraid of death, and that he knows that he is about to pay for his mistake. By the attempted kindness of sparing Macduff his life, and the courage he shows by fighting to his death, we see that Macbeth is not a butcher, but a good man with the tragic flaw of ambition.

It is clear by their behaviour that Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are not evil. Lady Macbeths obvious suffering and regret, shown by her sleepwalking and suicide, and Macbeths fighting to his death, like the fearless soldier in the first Act, prove that Malcolms describing them as this dead butcher and his fiend-like queen is unfair and inaccurate.

Please note that this sample paper on Macbeth Essay is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Macbeth Essay, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Macbeth Essay will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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