Risks of young women smoking

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Young Women Smoking

By Louise Eccles

Smoking is the number one preventable cause of death in women in the United States. Of the more than 140,000 women who die prematurely from tobacco-related illnesses each year, 80 percent began smoking while they were adolescents. Evidence demonstrates that young people who begin to use tobacco do not understand the nature of the addiction and, as a result, believe they will be able to avoid the harmful consequences of tobacco use. These adolescents do not realize the long-term effects of their actions.

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Smoking by Girls

Each day in the United Stated about 1,500 girls being smoking. Nearly all first use of tobacco occurs before high school graduation.

Since 11, cigarette smoking by adolescents has risen annually. The 15 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse estimates that 0 percent of youths aged 1-17 (4.5 million adolescents) were current smokers in 15. In 14, the rate was 18. percent.

Approximately 1 of 5 teenage girls now smoke.

Why Do Girls Smoke?

When most girls begin smoking, they are usually caught up in the moment, in the immediate experience of what appears to be a cool, adult, or even glamorous behavior. They are naive about the powerful addictive nature of nicotine, which, for some adolescents, takes hold after only a few cigarettes. For example

Combined 11 and 1 data from the National Health Interview Survey show that 76 percent of young women smokers ages 1 to 4 years say they feel dependent on cigarettes. Among those who had tried to quit smoking during the 1 months preceding the survey, 8 percent were unable to do so.

Health Effects of Smoking The Short-Term Effects of Smoking include

Nicotine Addiction. The younger an adolescent is when she begins to smoke, the more severe her level of nicotine addiction is likely to be.

Respiratory Problems. Cigarette smoking during childhood and adolescence causes an increase in cough and phlegm production, an increase in the number and severity of respiratory illnesses, decreased physical fitness, and potential retardation in the rate of lung growth and in the level of maximum lung function.

Coronary Artery Disease Smokers have early development of coronary artery disease and abnormal lipid levels, possible precursors of heart disease.

Dental Problems. Tobacco use by adolescents is associated with early signs of periodontal degeneration and with lesions in the mouth that can develop into oral cancers.

Mental Health Effects. Many adolescent smokers report mental health effects, such as nervousness and depression, and tend to engage in more high-risk behaviors than adolescents who do not smoke.

Health-Damaging Behaviors. Tobacco is associated with a range of health-damaging behaviors, including an increased risk of being involved in fights, engaging in high-risk sexual behavior, and using alcohol and other drugs.

Negative Effects on Quality of Life. Smoking affects a young womans quality of life - leading to bad breath, wrinkled skin, stained teeth, and other negative effects that influence how she looks and feels.

Long-Term Health Effects of Smoking Include

Cancer. Women who smoke have at least a 10 times greater likelihood of developing lung cancer than nonsmoking women. The increase in lung cancer among women parallels the increase in smoking in women over the past six decades. Between 160 and 10, the death rate from lung cancer among women increased by more than 400 percent, and the rate is continuing to increase. In 187, lung cancer surpassed breast cancer as the number one cause of cancer deaths among American women. In 15, lung cancer killed 6,000 women; of those deaths, 47,18 (76.1 percent) are attributable to smoking. In addition to lung cancer, tobacco use is a major risk factor for cancers of the mouth, throat, esophagus, kidney, pancreas, bladder, and cervix.

Cardiovascular and Respiratory Diseases. Cigarette smoking greatly increases a womans chance of developing cardiovascular diseases. Smoking by women in the United States is associated with almost as many deaths from heart disease as from lung cancer, more than 61,000 each year. A woman who smokes is two to six times more likely to suffer a heart attack than a nonsmoking woman, and the risk increases with the number of cigarettes smoked each day. The risk for cardiovascular disease also increases among young woman who both smoke and use oral contraceptives. In addition, smoking increases the risk of having a stroke. Each year, about 8,000 women die from strokes attributable to smoking. The risks for emphysema, bronchitis, and pneumonia are also increased among women who smoke.

Reproductive Health. Smoking may be damaging to womens reproductive health. It is associated with infertility, complications during pregnancy, and an earlier onset of menopause. The estimated 18 to 0 percent of pregnant women who smoke throughout their pregnancies subject themselves and their fetuses and newborns to significant health risks, including miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm delivery, low birth weight infants, and higher rates of infant mortality.

Childrens Health. Tobacco use by mothers can also adversely affect the health of their children. The risk for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) increases among infants who are exposed to intrauterine smoke and to secondhand smoke after pregnancy. A study from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Emory University reports that smoking during pregnancy also increases the risk by 50 percent of having a child with mental retardation; this increased risk rises up to 85 percent among those who smoke a pack or more of cigarettes each day. The health of as many as 1 million children with asthma is worsened by exposure to secondhand smoke.

Gender Differences In The Effects Of Tobacco Use

Women appear to be more susceptible to the addictive properties of nicotine and have a slower metabolic clearance of nicotine from their bodies than do men.

Females appear to be more susceptible to the effects of tobacco carcinogens than males. Some studies have shown that smoking the same number of cigarettes, women have higher rates of lung cancer. Girls and women are significantly more likely than boys and men to feel dependent on cigarettes and more likely to report being unable to cut down on smoking.

Summary

Tobacco use by adolescent women is a public problem of enormous magnitude that exacts a tremendous cost on the health of our Nations youth today and tomorrow. The DHHS has made the prevention and control of tobacco use by adolescents a top priority and is developing effective strategies working with professional, academic, and community groups. The U.S. Public Health Services Office on Womens Health is committed to working together between Federal Government and private sector groups to increase public awareness and health professional attention to this critical public health problem.

The programs and activities in womens health of the U.S. Public Health Services Office on Womens Health, joined with initiatives being implemented across the agencies of the Department of Health and Human Services, are providing a solid foundation from which to implement meaningful policies and programs in womens health, including community-based prevention and treatment programs, research on womens health issues, delivery of targeted health care services, education and information dissemination, health care professional training in womens health issues, and fostering the advancement of women in the health professions and in research careers. Through a combination of leadership, creativity, and determination, DHHS is working to realize a healthier future for all women in the United States.

Please note that this sample paper on risks of young women smoking is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on risks of young women smoking, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college papers on risks of young women smoking will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The Road Not Taken

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on The Road Not Taken. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality The Road Not Taken paper right on time. Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in The Road Not Taken, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your The Road Not Taken paper at affordable prices with cheap essay writing service! Okima E. Ekanem

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April 7, 00

Key to College Success

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Sheila Akers

Summary

Most people today think that the ability to succeed in college is a natural gift, something one is born with. People also fail to realize that ability is in a large part derived through learning. In the write-up "Keys to College Success", Sheila Akers states that there are four keys to becoming a smart student and a power learner. The keys are

· Manage your time,

· Attend classes and take notes,

· Read your text book in an organized way, and

· Take responsibility for your studies.

In this write-up, I will summarize Sheila Akers' writing and present the main points regarding the keys to college success.

To illustrate how a student can manage his or her time properly to derive the best benefits, Akers uses a student named Gordon to typify a student with full load. She illustrates how students can easily be overwhelmed by work because they sandwich their reading between several other distractions. She makes a point that Gordon needed to plan his studies by setting specific timelines and specific reading goals. Managing time or time control according to Akers, can be achieved in three steps. First is to have a monthly calendar for the school year. Mark off important days such as tests days, days papers are due, etc. and place the calendar in a conspicuous place where you can see it everyday. Second, prepare a weekly realistic schedule. In the schedule show all the fixed hours such as for meals, classes, work, etc. Then depending on your class load mark the study hours for the week. Make sure your study times are realistic and that you stick to your schedule including the time you allocate for play or non-school activities. Third, and finally make up a to-do list. It could be weekly or daily depending on you. If daily, write the list the previous day for the following day. If weekly, write the to-do list on Sundays. Carry the list with you all the time for reinforcement. Prioritize the items on your list doing the more important ones first. By following the steps outlined above, you will start to take control of your time, your studies, and your life.

Attending classes and taking notes are keys to college success. Again, Akers uses Tracy, a bright freshman to underscore her points regarding class attendance and notes taking. The myth that if you don't take notes or miss classes you can catch up by reading the book is just that a myth. Notes are very important because they capture the teacher's thoughts and highlight the important points to remember about the subject. Attendance is very important because it provides continuity regarding listening and taking the notes. In an exam situation, where a student needs to study, the notes are concise, while the book may be overbearing. Reliance on the books alone usually overwhelms the student and the end result is poor performance at tests or exams. In the write-up these are exactly what happened to Tracy at her first exam. She did poorly because she did not take notes or attend classes regularly. Akers provides hints on taking effective class notes. First, attend all classes. Missing classes, you miss the rich college experience. The instructor typically presents and develops the main ideas and facts of the course in class. These are also the things one is expected to remember or know in exams. Second, take a lot of notes. It is better to take too much notes than not. Studies have shown that after a month, retention of what one hears is only about 5 percent. Notes on the other hand being written materials can be reviewed and therefore you stand a chance of retaining 100 percent of what was taught in class. Learn to abbreviate while taking notes. Write down everything your instructor puts on the board. If it is important enough for the instructor to put on the board, it should be considered very important to be included in your notes. Review your notes as soon as possible after classes this keeps the thoughts clear and you can make minor corrections because the information is still fresh in your mind from the classes. It also allows for putting in punctuation marks for clarity you may even want to re-organize the notes for ease of reference.

Akers also suggests reading textbooks in an organized way. To illustrate this point, she refers to Laura's experience at her first college exam. Laura, Akers states had three chapters from a Sociology text to read. She used a marker to highlight the first ten pages, read additional pages with no highlights, and then skimmed the rest of the text. At the end she was not sure what she had read, then decided to take notes, then flipped through the text. Given all of these frustrations, Akers recommends the third key to college success reading textbook in a systematic way. There is a four-step process named PRWR (Preview, Read, Write, Recite) guaranteed to boost your reading power. Previewing involves spending to minutes previewing or surveying your reading to get a sense of the material. Look at the title, read over the first and last paragraphs of the selection. This is usually the introduction and the summary respectively. Make notes of the main headings and the relationships. Read the materials from start to finish and mark important parts. Be selective with your markings using your discretion depending on the subject matter and what you consider salient to boost your understanding. After reading and marking your text, write study notes. Use the author's words in combination with yours to make the notes robust and meaningful within your context. Finally, recite the ideas in your notes. Akers summarizes that one should preview, read, write, and recite ones college reading assignments. Combining these habits with learning the classroom notes one will be prepared to deal with and be successful at college exams.

Finally, Akers points to taking responsibility for ones studies to be successful at college. In her example, she talks about Ronald who gave up on his classes. He spent his time playing sports, sleeping, watching lots of television, and socializing with his friends. He even carried books around campus acting the part and playing student. Passive transit through college does not a successful student make. To be a successful student, one has to realize that one has to be an active student, taking responsibility for ones studies, by following all the key points discussed here.

In conclusion, success at college involves managing ones time wisely by balancing school and non-school activities to maximize the use of one's time. Second, one also has to diligently attend classes and take complete notes. Thirdly, a student has to read his or her books in an organized way, and fourthly, take responsibility for ones study at college. You make the efforts at all four areas, and you are guaranteed to be successful at college. Remember the clich- nothing ventured, nothing gained.

Please note that this sample paper on The Road Not Taken is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Road Not Taken, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on The Road Not Taken will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Pyramid scheme

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on pyramid scheme. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality pyramid scheme paper right on time. Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in pyramid scheme, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your pyramid scheme paper at affordable prices with cheap essay writing service! Si Duong

Joe Carrithers

September 16, 00

English 10HCheap Custom Essays on pyramid scheme

Too Good to Be True

The Truth behind Pyramid Schemes

"Psst....want to make a lot of money real fast? You can earn up to $5,000 a week - with comparatively little work! Are you interested? Alright, alright, just come to this meeting. And look nice, too. This is for real! Does this sound familiar to you? Instinctively, you should know better than to listen or act upon ads with promise of quick attainable wealth and financial freedom. But as many as 80,000 people across the United States are frequently coerced into a pyramid scheme with the illusion that he/she can accomplish his/her goal of attainable wealth; without realizing that pyramid schemes offer a little more than the complicity in the scheme itself .

By definition a pyramid scheme is a fraudulent system of making money based on recruiting an ever-increasing number of investors. (http//www.ftc.gov/). The initial promoters recruit these investors, who in turn recruit more investors, and so on. The scheme is called a pyramid because at each level, the number of investors increases. The small group of initial promoters at the top requires a large base of later investors to support the scheme by providing profits to the earlier investors. Let's take a recently new organization called by.net who

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claimed to be an innovative internet access provider. It hopes that one day of taking over rival internet access provider such as AOL Time Warner.

The company prides itself on its low prices and the numerous services it offers. Among these services is a virtual shopping mall with many big-brand affiliations and "cross-platform instant messaging solution," (http//www.by.net/aross/present/flipchart1.asp) which allows users to chat with other users across many chat-platforms. Finally, by offers numerous awards for using their service and finding customers. But this doesn't end here; by offers a special alternative program in which the customers can become a "representative" of by who are allowed to advertise their product. You make money by selling their product and recruiting other "representatives." The requirement to become a "representative" is to simply paid $40.00 to sign up and $70.00 registration fee to be allowed to promote its products (http//by.cjb.net/). The company justifies these fee by explaining that the fees covers various business expenses and it also covers hosting fees of a website which the company provide for you.

The practice of recruiting such representatives, herein referred to as distributors and profiting from their registration fees is known as pyramiding, or multilevel marketing (MLM) [In accordance with FTC regulations and laws passed in a majority of the 50 US states]. Although pyramiding in itself is not expressly illegal, "a great majority of organizations practicing MLM turn out to be illegal pyramid schemes" (Rushkoff 1). Therefore, just by definition, one must be cautious of bys business method. But without doing further research, it is impossible to comment on the legitimacy of by. The harm cause by a pyramid scheme may be summed up as follows since most of the promised rewards are tied to recruitment, a situation is created in which the monetary benefits set forth by the company cannot come true for

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the vast majority of the participants. "The resulting losses are not accidental; they are determined by the structure of a compensation plan that ties most of the promised reward to a participant's ability to recruit others into the program. By the very nature of the recruitment pattern, earnings representations attached to a pyramid scheme must turn out to be false". (http//www.labbb.org/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=wsbroker1/C%A/Inetpub/wwwroot/SouthlandReport/default.htm?hCompID=11868&hAKAID=1&hAddrID=1).

Retailing is important in a pyramid scheme (keeping in mind that a pyramid scheme is always incognito to the public eye), multi-level marketing sales is the most common disguise of pyramid schemes. If the MLM Company is growing primarily by getting more distributors to purchase goods and these distributors are not reselling to consumers (people not enrolled as other distributors) then the company is disguised as a distribution company. In fact, "as the products or benefits being offered become less and less tangible" (Rushkoff 0) no distribution and no true selling are occurring, just recruiting. This means that the main way to make money in that company is to enroll many others, and the main way for those others to make money will be to enroll still more. Mathematically, this cannot continue, so the plan cannot deliver its promises. It is a scam. The trick is on the distributors who are required to buy products and they must trick others into also buying goods (and trying to sell them to still more distributors.) If commissions, bonuses or overrides are being paid, but little retailing is occurring, then the commissions are really recruitment fees. "Multilevel marketing schemes sell nothing more than membership and a get-rich scenario" (Rushkoff 0).

Some might argued that by is not a pyramid scheme, but rather a job opportunity given to a person who is willing to cooperate with the company's rules in working at his or her own

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pace to make a sustainable income. At the by website the company states that by is not a salaried position but an entrepreneurial enterprise, the company do not guarantees of income.

"No one makes money in by.net exclusively by recruitment. To be certified, one must have obtained two non-rep ISP customers. by .net is a customer acquisition company that teaches others how to acquire customers for their own internet ecommerce businesses. Representatives can make an income without an organization, using customers alone. A representative engaging exclusively in recruitment only practices is subject to immediate termination."(http//www.by.net/aross/present/flipchart.asp).

The use of pyramid occurs in every aspects of our society government, business, jobs, and even sports team or competitions epitomized a pyramid. So every pyramid case is not necessary affected adversely, but rather have positive outcomes. For example, if our country does not operate in a pyramid-like function then it would be corrupt because you need to have an operation in which you have a leader (the president) controlling a small group (congress) to make justifiable laws to maintain his/her people. Likewise in any sporting game you have to have a coach and his assistants to guide and lead the team, otherwise the team is disorderly conducted or you would not have a team at all.

Lastly, whether you are coerced into a pyramid scheme, win or loose, it is ultimately depended upon one's choice to decide his/her faith of financial freedom. Financial freedom does not guarantee happiness in life, but freedom of choice is. Beneficial or detrimental, the ultimate question that remains is an ethical one. Are you willing to partcipate in a proven scam? Are you willing to bring friends, family and acquaintances into a hostile situation? And are you willing to risk losing both business and friendship for a quick monetary fix? So the choice is yours, choose it wisely.

Please note that this sample paper on pyramid scheme is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on pyramid scheme, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on pyramid scheme will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Computer Technology

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Computer Technology. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Computer Technology paper right on time. Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Computer Technology, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Computer Technology paper at affordable prices!

http//wwwsel.iit.nrc.ca/projects/cots/icse000wkshp/Papers/.pdf;

"COTS Software Selection The Need To Make Tradeoffs Between System Requirements, Architectures and COTS/Components"; Ncube, Cornelius and Maiden, Neil; Center For HCI Design.

This paper, presents a new research agenda to address problems of COTS software selection in the forthcoming decade. It describes the increasing shift towards software engineering based on COTS software packages, the limitations of current COTS/component-based software engineering methods and research efforts, and proposes a new research agenda to address the problems which arise from a software engineering process based on the reuse of COTS software and software components. The focus of the proposed research is how can we develop complex software systems by integrating together different combinations of COTS software packages and software components.

Even though this paper leaves a lot of open issues, it presents a great method for requirements engineering for COTS software selection, then critiques it and identifies possible new research directions and future solutions. This paper provides many great examples and diagrams to help you understand what is being talk about thought out the paper.

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For further investigation, there is an excellent reference list that has 1 references listed, that are from very good sources.

http//www-.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu/project/edrc-ballista/www/;

"The Ballista Project; COTS Software Robustness Testing"; Koopman, Prof. Phil; Carnegie Mellon University.

This paper covers The Ballista automated robustness testing approach probes software to see how effective it is at exception handling. For example, Ballista testing can find ways to make operation systems crash, and can make other software packages suffer abnormal termination instead of gracefully returning error indications. Ballista testing enables users to test the robustness of home-grown and third party software on their own computers. Ballista is a "black box" software testing tool, and is works well on testing the APIs of Commercial Off-The-Self (COTS) software. Ballista started as a DARPA funded research project, and is now largely completed. Ballista changes this by providing a simple, repeatable way to directly measure software robustness without requiring source code or behavioral specifications. As a result, product developers can use robustness metrics to compare off-the-shelf software components, and component developers can measure their effectiveness at exception handling.

This paper was kind of complex and did not really have too much good information written it in. It was hard to understand and you really had to get into the paper and dig for the information in order to be able to find it.

This paper was not a very good reference at all. It did not provide a list of reference or any type of bibliography, so it would not be a good source for further investigation.

http//fessp.llnl.gov/csrc/files/146.pdf; "Using Commercial Off The Self (COTS) Software in High Consequence Safety Systems"; Scott, John A. and Preckshot, G. Gary.

This paper is based on work performed by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory1 to assist the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission in understanding the state of the art with respect to applying commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) software to high-consequence safety systems. These systems, for which the consequences of failure can be severe or catastrophic, must be developed, implemented, and maintained in ways that provide assurance that catastrophic consequences will be prevented. This paper discusses various aspects of the question of using commercially available software in these systems. Risk, grading, and system assessment are discussed, and relevant standards are summarized. A recommendation for addressing key issues regarding the use of commercial software in high-consequence safety systems is given. Given the current state of the art in software engineering and the technical, political, and maintenance considerations associated with typical commercial software, it appears that it will be difficult at best to incorporate COTS software products into high-consequence safety systems. If an effective grading process is in place, however, the tradeoffs associated with the use of COTS products in lower risk categories become more palatable

This was a very well written paper, which may it easy to understand and helped me to learn things myself, as I read this paper. There are many good examples throughout the paper, along with great models and charts to help us better understand about COTS.

This paper had 5 references included on the reference list that could possibly be used as a good source for further investigation.

http//www.slis.ualberta.ca.cais000/beheshti.htm;

"Problems With COTS Software; A Case Study"; Beheshti, Jamshid and Dupuis, John; McGill University.

This paper reports on the use of Commercial Off The Self (COTS) software for developing a dynamic environment for an online public access catalogue (OPAC). COTS products are widely used throughout the industry. While there are many potential benefits, use of COTS components is also fraught with pitfalls. The research on creating a dynamic environment for OPACs is based on the previous work in this area, Public Access Catalogue Extension (PACE), which was developed with custom-based software programs. Although in the previous research project all the programs all the programs were successfully developed in C and C++, the present project relied very little on original and custom programming. Instead, a number of COTS products were used to construct the dynamic environment Macromedia Director, D Dreams, Extreme D, Crossroads, and Easybase. These COTS products were chosen for their ability to produce the desired results, their availability at reasonable costs, and their capability to integrate with one another. The paper also states that developers indicate that while COTS products might be suitable for applications in "known environments" custom architecture should be considered for new and unexplored projects.

This paper was very well written. It was very easy to read and understand exactly what was being said. The paper described everything step by step along the way and gave a table at the end with the results and exactly how they came about.

For further investigation, there is an excellent reference list that has 17 references listed, that are from very good sources, to choose from.

http//www.hpl.hp.com/research/tsl/external%0publications/tech%0reports/HPL-00-178.pdf; "Towards Diversity Of COTS Software Applications Reducing Risks of Widespread Faults and Attacks"; Mont, Marco Casassa; Baldwin, Adrian; Beres, Yolanta; Harrison, Keith; Sadler, Martin and Shiu, Simon; HP Laboratories Bristol; June 6, 00.

This paper introduces an alternative approach to diversity which takes advantage of the componentization of modern commercial software. Critical software components are identified during the risk assessment phase and multiple (functionally equivalent) implementations are developed. These multiple implementations of components are distributed within software installation packages. The paper also states that experiments based on simulations show that there is a clear advantage to increasing diversity of standard components to help in managing attacks. It is clear to see from the results stated in the paper, that both the number of infected systems and the speed of infection are inversely proportional to the level of diversity. The feasibility and efficacy of the proposed model has to be verified in real-world scenarios.

This paper was definitely well written the best out of all five of the references that I have read. It was very easy to understand, provided great examples, and even a couple of great visual models that made things easier to understand, by being able to see it.

This paper has an excellent reference list, with different references to choose from, if you would want to do further investigation.

Please note that this sample paper on Computer Technology is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Computer Technology, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Computer Technology will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Macbeth Essay

If you order your cheap essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Macbeth Essay. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Macbeth Essay paper right on time. Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Macbeth Essay, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Macbeth Essay paper at affordable prices with cheap essay writing service! Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are basically good people who make an ill judgement. It is unfair for Malcolm to describe them as this dead butcher and his fiend - like queen. In the beginning they are respected people who share a loving relationship. Their downfall is caused by their ambition for Macbeth to be great, sparked by the witches prophecy, and not because they are evil. Macbeths indecision on whether or not to kill Duncan, and Lady Macbeths begging of the spirits to take away her feminine qualities, show that ruthlessness does not come easily to them.

Macbeth is a Scottish nobleman and important kinsman of King Duncan, whose devising and heroic leadership of a winning tactic in a battle show his talent, courage and loyalty to his country. He is well respected, and after his feat of braveness, Duncan believes him worthy to receive the title of Thane of Cawdor, which is a huge honour to Macbeth. The problem with this, though, is that it helps to spark his ambition, which, we find later, is his tragic flaw.

Lady Macbeth is a loyal wife with ambitions for her husband. She believes that Macbeth deserves to be King, but thinks that he is too nice to do anything about it. She does not think that he could kill Duncan on his own. She is supportive of Macbeth, and is willing to do what she can to help him get what he wants. She is basically a caring and loving person, though, so she pleads with the Spirits to take away her tenderness and femininity and make her ruthless Come, you spirits/ That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, /And fill me, from the crown to the toe, top full/ Of direst cruelty. (I.v.8-41). This evidence on Macbeth and Lady Macbeth proves that, at the beginning of the play, they are both good, virtuous people.

When the witches predict that he shall be king, Macbeth does not think that he should do anything about making the prophecy come true If Chance will have me king, why Chance may crown me/ Without my stir. (I.iv.4-44). However, when King Duncan places an extra obstacle in his way by naming his son, Malcolm, as his successor, Macbeth realises that, if he is to be king, then he must kill Duncan The Prince of Cumberland! That is a step/ On which I must fall down, or else oerleap/ For in my way it lies. Stars hide your fires, / Let not light see my black and deep desires. (I.iv.4-5).

Help with essay on Macbeth Essay

When Lady Macbeth reads in her husbands letter of the witches prediction, she, too, realises that Duncan must be killed for it to come true. She thinks that Macbeth deserves to be great, and should murder Duncan so that this can be so, but she believes that he is too noble and honest to do something so immoral Yet do I fear thy nature / It is too full othe milk of human-kindness/ To catch the nearest way. Thou wouldst be great / Art not without ambition, but without / The illness should attend it. (I.v.14-18).

Although Macbeth wants to be king, he does not wish to kill Duncan, and he thinks aloud to himself of his reasons First, as I am his kinsman and his subject, / Strong both against the deed; then, as his host, / who should against his murderer shut the door, / Not bear the knife myself. (I.vii.1). Macbeth does not want to kill Duncan because he is his king and close relation, and because it is his duty as host to protect him. This shows that he is not evil. If he were, his kinship and duty to the king would offer no hindrance to his decision to murder him.

Lady Macbeth knows that Macbeths conscience and indecision will hinder his ambitions. It is because of this that she resolves to use brave, scolding and punishing words to drive away his doubts, and to encourage him to commit the deed that will obtain him the crown Hie thee hither, / that I may pour my spirits in thine ear, / And chastise with the valour of my tongue / All that impedes thee from the golden round. (I.v.4-7).

Although Lady Macbeth is supportive of her husband, and tries to persuade him to murder Duncan, she does not force him to do it. Macbeth decides to kill Duncan on his own, with his tragic flaw, ambition, as the main influence of his decision. For Macbeth to be a tragedy, as Shakespeare intended it to be, no one must force him to make the decision that ultimately brings him down. He must make the decision, based on his tragic flaw, on his own.

After murdering Duncan, Macbeth is agitated and frightened. He forgets to place the daggers near Duncans guards as he planned to, and is too afraid to go near the place of murder to correct the mistake Ill go no more. / I am afraid to think what I have done; / Look ont again I dare not. (II.ii.50-5). Macbeth wishes to wash his hands of Duncans blood, and thus the deed, but believes that no amount of water could remove all the blood Will all great Neptunes ocean wash this blood / Clean from my hand? No, (II.ii.60-61). He regrets killing Duncan, wishing that he would wake from his sleep of death Wake Duncan with thy knocking! I would thou couldst! (II.ii.74).

Lady Macbeth, on the other hand, is calm and logical immediately after the murder. She does not appear to be at all worried about being caught, believing that, by cleaning their hands of blood, they are cleaning their hands of the deed A little water clears us of this deed. (II.ii.67). The wine she has drunk has made her brave, and she fixes Macbeths mistake by placing the bloodied daggers near the guards so that they are blamed for the murder. It seems as though the murder has had no effect on Lady Macbeth until she sees Duncans body, when the realisation of what they have done hits her and causes her to faint. This shows that the wine she had drunk and the fact that she had not yet seen what they had done caused her visage of carelessness. It is because of these actions by Macbeth and Lady Macbeth that we see that they are good people who would not usually commit such a crime.

Soon after the murder of Duncan, Macbeth and Lady Macbeths relationship begins to change. During the planning of the murder, Lady Macbeth is in charge, instructing her husband on what to do. After hiring the murderers to kill Banquo and Fleance, Macbeth tells his wife to Be innocent of the knowledge, dearest chuck, till thou applaud the deed. (III.ii.45-46), showing that he is beginning to take control, plotting on his own and not even telling his wife what he is planning to do.

Where, before he was king, Macbeth was acting according to his ambition, by the beginning of Act III he is fighting for survival. He realises that he has come too far and killed too many people to turn back I am in blood / Stepped in so far, that, should I wade no more, / Returning were as tedious as go oer. (III.iv.16-17).

He has come to distrust everybody, especially Macduff, even to the point of hiring spies, and intend to kill any who get in his way Theres not a one of them, but in his house / I keep a servant feed ... For mine own good / All causes shall give way. (III.iv.10-11,14-15). Macbeth is worried about the consequences of his actions. He is afraid that nature will somehow find away to avenge the murders that he has committed It will have blood, they say; blood will have blood. (III.iv.11). Macbeth soon realises that, if the witches told the truth, then all that he fought for will go to Banquos sons instead of his own For Banquos issue have I filed my mind, / For them the gracious Duncan have I murdered, / Put rancours in the vessel of my peace, / Only for them. (III.i.64-67). This realisation frustrates Macbeth, and makes him even more determined to survive. He is also frustrated by Macduff leaving the country before he has a chance to kill him. If he is evil in this play at all, it is now, when he takes out these frustrations by having Macduffs family killed. Macbeth is no longer killing for entirely selfish reasons. He is now like a soldier, killing for survival and what he has fought for.

The last time that we see Lady Macbeth in command is at the banquet in Act III. In this scene, Lady Macbeth tries to protect and cover up for Macbeth by excusing his behaviour as a fit when Banqous ghost appears to him and he addresses it in terror. The next time we see her is in the beginning of the last Act, and she is far from the confident, calm person that we see in Act I. She has begun sleepwalking, and is obviously tormented by the murders that she has had part in. Earlier, she thought that a little water was all that was needed to wash her hands of Duncans blood, but, while sleepwalking, she thinks that her hands are covered in blood that cannot be removed Yet heres a spot…Out, damned spot! Out, I say!…What, will these hands neer be clean?…Heres the smell of the blood still. All the / Perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand. (V.i.1,4,4,48-4). By her behaviour, we see that Lady Macbeth is paying the penalty for the mistakes she helped to make. She was just trying to be a good wife by helping her husband receive what she believed he deserved. Her suffering is such that it leads to suicide, which shows that Lady Macbeth is not at all fiend-like. If she were, then the murders would have had no effect on her.

By the end of the play, Macbeth begins to be tired of living Igin to be aweary of the sun. (V.v.4). As he prepares to defend the castle, he desperately holds on to the hope that the witches prophecies are true, for he believes that, if they are not, then all that he has gained will be lost. While fighting, Macbeth does not want to kill Macduff, because he has hurt him enough by killing his family My soul is too much charged with blood of thine already. (V.viii.5-6). Believing in the witches prediction that none of woman born (IV.i.7) could harm him, and believing that all men are of woman born, he is unafraid of Macduff. When he finds that Macduff was born by caesarean, and therefore is not, in the usual sense, of woman born, he realises that the witches have tricked him. He knows then that, as the witches predicted, Macduff will kill him, but refuses to surrender. This reminds us of the fearless soldier of the first Act and shows that he is not afraid of death, and that he knows that he is about to pay for his mistake. By the attempted kindness of sparing Macduff his life, and the courage he shows by fighting to his death, we see that Macbeth is not a butcher, but a good man with the tragic flaw of ambition.

It is clear by their behaviour that Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are not evil. Lady Macbeths obvious suffering and regret, shown by her sleepwalking and suicide, and Macbeths fighting to his death, like the fearless soldier in the first Act, prove that Malcolms describing them as this dead butcher and his fiend-like queen is unfair and inaccurate.

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Man who planted trees

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Summary of Scenes

1. A young man carrying a pack on his back walks across a vast landscape. In the distance are the vague forms of mountains. He recalls, Many years ago I set out on a walking tour, high in the alps, in a region quite unknown to travelers. He adds, If found myself in a wasteland. He camps among same ruins. He looks for a well. When he finds one, it is dry. All around him are abandoned houses. The animated images flow across the screen like watercolors. The next morning the young man leaves.

. After five hours walking, he still has found no water. In the distance the landscape appears desolate. Then the young man sees in the distance a dark shape, like a tree stump. The shape is revealed to be an old shepherd and his dog. A herd of sheep rests nearby. The old man has a weathered face, and he wears a handlebar mustache. He wears a wide-brimmed hat and a flowing cape. The old man offers the youth a drink of water. At the old mans sheepfold, the shepherd draws water from a deep well.

. The shepherd lives in a stone house, a former ruin he has repaired. The youth notices the shepherd is freshly shaved and all his buttons sewed on. The shepherd shares a meal with the youth and offers shelter for the night. Several family portraits are hung on the walls. The old man opens a sack of acorns and spreads them on the table. He separates the good from the bad. He counts out 100 perfect acorns. Then he prepares for sleep. The young man concludes, Being with this man brought a great sense of peace.

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4. The next day the youth follows the old man as he releases the sheep from their fold. The shepherd takes the bag of acorns and drops them into a pail of water. His walking staff is an iron rod. The old man climbs the hills. Suddenly he stops, drives his iron rod into the ground, makes a hole, and plants an acorn. He was planting oak trees. With infinite care he planted his hundred acorns. Suddenly the screen is filled with acorns and oak leaves. The old man tells his story. For three years he had been planting trees. He had planted 100,000 trees. Of those 0,000 trees had begun to grow. He expected to lose another half of the remaining trees. Because of his efforts, "10,000 oaks would grow on this land where before there was nothing.

5. The young man wondered how old the shepherd was. The man tells him he is 55. His name is Elz�ard Bouffier [hereafter the old man]. The old man recalls his former life. As he talks, we see his wife and child on the farm he once owned. He explains that his child died, and then his wife died. The two figures from his past dissolve as if they were transparent, and the images flow like watercolors until they return to the present. The young man concludes, He had withdrawn into this solitude, where he was content to live quietly. The old man had felt the land was dying. He resolved to remedy the state of affairs. Suddenly flowing images of growing trees, the blue sky, a forest of oaks cover the screen. The old man had told his companion, If God granted him life, in thirty years he would have planted so many more that these 10,000 would be like a drop of water in the sea. Already he is preparing for the future. He has a nursery of beech trees grown from beech nuts.

6. Transition to World War I. Images of marching soldiers, horses pulling caissons, death and destruction of the battlefield. The youth spends five years in the war. After his release, he decides to breathe pure air somewhere, and so he journeys to the barren lands. He wondered if the old man was dead, especially since at 0 we think of men of 50 as ancient with nothing left to do but die. In the distance he notices what appears to be a grayish mist on the landscape, like a carpet. The young man comes upon a swarm of bees. Then we see an old man bent over a hive. He has become a beekeeper. All around them are the oaks planted ten years earlier. When I reminded myself that all of this was the work of the hand and soul of one man, it seemed to me that men could be as effective as God is in tasks other than destruction.

7. They come into a forest of beeches, planted by the old man. Then the old man shows the young man groves of five-year-old birches, planted in 115. Birds fly through the groves. Many of the streams, once barren, now flow with clear water, part of the natural effect of the renewed landscape." The camera moves across field and meadow, stream and dale, showing the colorful foliage, bushes, grasses, trees. Now hunters move through the foliage. They had taken the sudden abundance of young trees as some caprice of nature. The young man wonders "why no one had meddled with the work of the shepherd." He concludes, "Who in the villages could ever have imagined such constant, magnificent generosity.

8. He notes that each year, from 10 on, he visited the old man. He relates the progress the old man made in planting new forests of maples and beeches. At one point he notes the old man stopped speaking, as if he saw no need for it. In 1 the old man is visited by an elderly forester who tells him that lighting fires outside is forbidden. Why? Because it endangers this natural forest. Then the forester tells the old man that this is the first time he had ever seen a forest grow of its own accord.

. In 15 a delegation of authorities arrives in a limousine to examine the forest. As the formalities begin, we see various images of the crowd. Everyone is in awe of the majesty and enchantment of the forest around them. The only decision made that day--the forest would be under national protection and no charcoal fires would be allowed.

10. The narrator recalls that a member of the forestry commission was a friend of his. The following week the two set out to visit the old man. They find him twenty kilometers beyond where the official inspection had taken place. The three men share a meal. They spent several hours in silent contemplation of the landscape. The camera moves across the slopes covered by forests and ends with a closeup of the face of the old man. As the narrator describes it, Regular work, mountain air, the simple life, and above all, peace of mind, had endowed this old man with almost awe-inspiring health. The old man's ruddy cheeks and his chiseled features are shown in a close-up. As the narrator and the forester leave, the latter says,, This man knows more about it than I do. He knows more about it than anyone else in the world! Hes found a perfect way to be happy.

11. The narrator is now a middle-aged man, probably 50. I saw the old man the last time in 145. He was then 87. The camera pulls back to show the narrator is on a bus. He has difficulty remembering details of the landscape. Everywhere he looks there is vitality, color, life. He stands outside and takes in the scene. He notices a fountain, and next to it someone has planted a linden tree, perfect symbol of rebirth. A young mother holds her child above her and swings her around. The child laughs gleefully.

1. The narrator goes for a long walk. He describes the life he sees everywhere there are trees, meadows, crowds of people enjoying the out of doors. Young and old enjoy each other. Families are together. When I think that one man, one body, one spirit, was enough to turn a desert into the land of Canaan, I find after all that a mans destiny can be truly wonderful. The camera pans across the scene, showing the hillside, the town, a large oak tree, and then the old man standing nearby, his back bowed, his head bare. The camera comes in closer to show the white hair and wizened face of the old man. When I consider the passionate determination, the unfailing generosity of spirit it took to achieve this end, Im filled with admiration for this old, unlearned peasant, who was able to complete a task worthy of God. We see an extreme close-up of the old mans face; this image emphasizes his eyes, heavy with age and yet sure of purpose. The camera comes in even more closely until we see only the eye of the old man. The eyelid closes as the narrator says, Elz�ard Bouffier died peacefully in 147. He was 8 years old.

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New economic policy

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After independence, the country's slogan of 'self reliance' proved to be ostentatious in no time. The evolution of post-Independence economic policy had three basic features autarchic trade policy, extension of public sector, and direct, discretionary and quantitative controls on the private sector. These features interacted in the institutional environment of functioning markets and private ownership of means of production to generate perverse incentives that constricted the operation of the market forces and private economic agents and resulted in a low rate of economic growth of .5 per cent per annum despite the doubling of the rates of domestic savings and investment over the thirty year period 150-80.

Public sector units were expected to operate efficiently and generate resources for further investment. Instead, they were saddled with multiplicity of often-conflicting objectives; they had to accept politically driven inappropriate administered prices for their products and services, and were subjected to bureaucratic and political interference, which made their efficient operation difficult. They also faced the soft-budget constraint with neither penalty for losses nor rewards for efficient functioning. Poor performance of public sector units had multiplier effects through inefficient, low quality and often irregular and fluctuating supplies of infrastructure services and universal intermediate inputs (like iron and steel and financial services), which partly contributed to the inefficiencies of the private sector units. At the macro level, they became a drain on the exchequer through their recurring losses instead of generating resources for investment.

At the same time, complex structure of differential indirect tax rates as also administered interest rates and labor legislation led to distortions in relative product and factor prices and resulted in not only inefficient allocation but also misallocation of resources out of line with relative scarcities of capital and labor.

In spite of rigorous exercise of control over imports and release of foreign exchange, the imports, particularly from the nations of imperialism, grew at an ever-increasing rate. This was caused mainly on account of arms race and ever increasing import of petrol and petroleum products, machinery, equipments, spare parts and other intermediate capital goods. Since these could not be paid by exports, the country faced the problem of ever increasing foreign debt. As on March ending 148, Britain owed India Rs 1610 million. But by March 1, 11, India owed the foreign countries (or Indias foreign debt stood at) Rs 160010 million. Foreign trade deficit14 and foreign debts servicing in 10-1 amounted to Rs 106450 million and Rs 1470 million respectively. Indias foreign currency reserve was equivalent to Rs 114160 million which was highly inadequate to meet the foreign currency obligations arising out of foreign trade deficit and foreign debt servicing, India was unable to obtain loan from international money market on account of its low credit rating. India, thus, was forced to negotiate loans from International Monetary Fund and World Bank in 11 on very harsh conditions whereby foreign exchange control and import restrictions were progressively done away with. The basic approach was to allow the global markets in capital and commodities but not in labor to be eventually made free from restrictions. This was the beginning of the phase of globalization or the phase of Liberalization or the phase of New Economic Policy in India.

In India there were several attempts to liberalize or reform the system of economic management. In 10's, India began to adjust the long-pursued economic policy, which stressed on development of state-run heavy industry and import-substitution. The main contents of the new economic policy consisted of measures such as to relax the control on private enterprises and foreign capital, to open industries (e.g. aluminum making, machine-tool building, chemical industry, chemical fertilizer, electricity, pharmaceutical etc), which had been monopolized by the public sector, to foreign and private capital. Indias competitiveness had weakened because of its technological backwardness. In order to change the situation, the Indian Government revised the policy of import substitution to provide incentives to export and reducing the protection on imports.

In the 10's, the Indian Government stressed on reorganization of low-efficient state-run enterprises and partial disinvestments, further relaxations of the control of private enterprises and foreign capital, introduction of a competitive mechanism, reduction of protection for domestic industries, promotion and importation of advanced technological equipment from abroad etc.

In July 11, India had introduced a series of economic reform measures. These measures were initiated with the purpose of macro-economic stabilization mainly by a sharp reduction in the deficit of the public sector in the Central Government budget. The Government continuously attempted to reduce the ratio of fiscal deficit in GDP by reducing public expenditure, increasing taxation, abolishing part of commodity price subsidies and a partial privatization of public enterprises. In addition, a new trade and industrial policy was announced. The new industrial policy abolished the system of industrial licenses, opened nine of the 17 industries which are monopolized by the state to private enterprises, the proportion of foreign equity was raised from 40 per cent to 51 per cent. It also eliminated licensing requirements for private domestic and foreign investment in certain industries and relaxed the restrictions under the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act on expansion, diversification, mergers and acquisitions by large firms and industrial houses. The power sector, which had been a monopoly of the public sector, was opened to private, domestic and foreign investors. Regulations on pricing and distribution of steel were lifted. Domestic and foreign investors were invited to invest in the production, refining and marketing of oil and gas and in certain segments of the coal industry. A National Renewal Fund was established to assist workers who might be laid off during the process of modernizing, restructuring or closing uncompetitive firms in the public and private sectors. The Committees appointed by the Government to look into the functioning of the financial sector insurance and the tax system have submitted their reports. Another committee has formulated guidelines for the privatization of public enterprises.

The new trade policy de-regularized export and relaxed control over import of advanced technological equipment. In order to promote exports and link India with the world markets, the Government has reduced tariffs many times. In February 1, the rupee on trade account was declared to be fully convertible. In terms of policies related to foreign capital, the important measures which have adopted since 1 include foreign institutions are permitted to buy shares issued by Indian companies; the development of many kinds of minerals has been opened to foreign capital in accordance with the revised law of mineral products and India signed the convention of protection for foreign investment.

The wide-ranging economic reforms in India since 11 involved a major shift in the development strategy. The earlier strategy adopted public sector dominated autarchic investment planning of industrialization with direct discretionary controls on private investment. The interaction of this strategy with the institutional framework of functioning markets and predominant private ownership of means of production pushed the economy into persistent low growth equilibrium. Economic reforms of 11 aim at putting the economy on a sustained and rapid growth path through greater participation in international division of labor and private capital movements, and greater reliance on private initiative and markets, and the consequent shift to market-friendly policy regime.

Please note that this sample paper on new economic policy is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on new economic policy, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on new economic policy will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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