Extinction and ecosystem

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Extinction and ecosystem. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Extinction and ecosystem paper right on time. Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Extinction and ecosystem, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Extinction and ecosystem paper at affordable prices with cheap essay writing service! Life on the earth has formed an exquisite and fragile balance. But in the last century, human population has exploded. An even more dramatic increase in economic activity has led to mass production, mass consumption, and mass wasting. The ecosystem on the earth has been rapidly destroyed by humans. And we keep destroying it without knowing a risk of our life. From Sixth Extinction, gNow, there are fears we are at the start of another mass die-off, but this one may be triggered by the activities of just one species - us.h (Canada & the world backgrounder, 00, p.10) The sixth extinction has already begun by our hands.

Do you know what the dodo bird is? Dodo was a unique flightless bird which first sighted on Mauritius, an island in the Indian oceans. Around 17 century, Dutch sailors began using the island of Mauritius as a stopover; Within 80 years, the dodo was gone. Basically, why does the dodo can not fly? Here is one background, from International Wild Life, Don Boroughs said,

When the first humans arrived on this 70-square-mile tropical island five centuries ago, none of its native species had ever seen a mammal other than a bat. Here the king of the Jungle was a giant vegetarian tortoise, and there were no large predators of any kind. Evolving over millennia in this safe environment, the islands birds gradually lost their wariness, and several species, including the dodo, also lost the ability to fly. (001, P. 44)

For the dodo, flightless is the ability that was degenerated by the environment such as no predators and a desert island. It is an absolute environmental condition that the dodo can leave offspring and survive. The dodo was extinct because the dodo was a welcome source of fresh meat for the sailors. By excessive hunting, large numbers of dodos were killed for food. Moreover, the rats, pigs and monkeys that came with sailors made short work of vulnerable dodo eggs in the ground nests. This is one of example that introduced predator caused an extinction. From Wild Life in Danger, James Fisher introduced predators defined as,

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These exist most commonly in areas colonized since 1600, where mammal predators particularly have been introduced (as in the West Indies, Australia, and New Zealand) to keep downh the explosive populations of other introduced animals (for instance, rats and rabbits) and have readily turned their predatory attention to the native fauna. (16, p.1)

Therefore, an ecosystem in Mauritius Island was destroyed by humans.

This is one of examples that human destroyed an ecosystem and drive animals into extinction. However, the extinction of dodo is mainly because humanfs excessive hunting and introduced predators. Now, on the earth, the extinction is making rapid progress compared to the one because of exceed hunting and introduced predators. The behavior, with that we do not think of the consequences, causes serious problems, and it is happening all over the world. Extinction means that we are unable to see some specific animals never again. To save animals from extinction, what can we do now?

Humans are driving animals into extinction not on purpose. It means that humans endanger many animals on the earth without knowing it. First cause is an over usage of forest resources. Forest is the most important life-support system on the earth. Many animals live in forests. Forest also store water and create Oxygen. Forest is a lung of the earth. Especially, almost all of animal in the tropics are living in the rain forest. What happens if these forests disappear? The almost all animals would die.

The second cause is an agricultural chemical. In Fact, agricultural is a poison. We use this poison as an insecticide for agricultural products, but we actually eat the poison with the products. A permissible amount will exceed if we continue to eat tainted food. As a result, we, human spread poisons around and gets poisoned us by our hands. Moreover, we pave a road with asphalt and build golf course by cutting forests open. Of course agricultural chemical is used on golf courses. Under these circumstances, moles, earthworms and other living things can not live.

From environmental problems, acid rain creates lakes where creature can not live because of acidity. Disruption of the ozone layer causes extinction of living things such as a frog. And also, it causes skin cancer of human. Moreover, global warming causes disruption of ecosystem on the earth. The species that can not adopt themselves into new environment and can not move to the place where the climate is appropriate will not be able to live.

What are the effects if we continue to destroy and pollute the environment? The living things on the earth support each other, and all creatures have relationships each other. By the destruction of the environment and agricultural chemicals, the animals lose their food such as an insect, and number of animals is decreasing. If the extinction of species continues, there absolutely is an extinction of humans in our future. The behavior that we had on the other living things returns to us as a crisis.

Recently, cloning technology by using DNA is developing so fast. By using the cloning technology, we can regenerate extinct animals such as mammoth and dodo. In my opinion, it is good thing that we are trying to regenerate and maintain animal species on the earth. However, I think relying on the cloning technology will never stop extinction, and we will continuously destroy our ecosystem. Of course, improper use of cloning technology would results in destruction of as ecosystem.

Therefore, to save our ecosystem, we have to think what we can do before counting on new technology. By knowing what causes the destruction of environment, we can realize what to do. For example, do not pollute rivers, seas and lakes. Try not use chemical pollutants such as insecticides. Do not buy fur, an elephant tusk and tortoiseshell that cause excessive hunting. It is very hard to change the structure of our ecosystem, but we are the part of supporters in the ecosystem. If we change the consciousness, the ecosystem will be saved.

All in all, now the destruction of species is in progress, so we have to consider the influence of our usual behavior. The behavior without thinking of the consequence must not be appropriate. There will not be no our future if living things on the earth excessively continue to become extinct. Finally, we, human will not be able to live on the earth due to our behavior.

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Whistle Blowing - Does it Violate Company Loyalty?

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What is whistle blowing and does it breach company loyalty? There are many arguments to suggest whistle blowing does violate company loyalty and there are just as many arguments to suggest it does not violate loyalty to a company.

Sisella Bok argues whistle blowing does violate loyalty to a company even though most of the time whistle blowing is justified. She says whistle blowing involves three elements dissent(a difference of opinion), accusation and a violation of loyalty to one's employer. Robert Larmer argues that an attempt to stop illegal or immoral company practices may be the highest kind of company loyalty an employee can display to his or her employer.

In reading the December 0, 00 - January 6, 00 issue of Time Magazine, one can find arguments to support both Bok's opinion and that of Professor Larmer's. The article is of Agent Coleen Rowley who blew the whistle on her employer the FBI after the events of September 11, 001 took place.

Bok's argument states whistle blowing involves a difference of opinion. Agent Rowley's opinion is the FBI has failed in the way it handles its investigations especially that of the events leading up to September 11, 001. Director Mueller honestly did not want to believe there was anything wrong with the way the bureau handled its investigations.

The second phase of whistle blowing involves accusation. Agent Rowley makes her accusations known in the memo she typed up for Director Mueller and the two members of the Senate Committee on Intelligence. She writes "Dear Director Mueller"(1) " I feel at this point that I have to put my concerns in writing concerning the important topic of the FBI's response to evidence of terrorist activity in the United States prior to September 11th"(1). She goes on by saying the issues are of integrity and they go to the heart of the FBI's law enforcement mission and mandate.

The third phase is that of the violation of loyalty. Many might say , especially some of Agent Rowley's co-workers and retired agents; that Agent Rowley did violate her loyalty of the organization she dreamed of as a child to become a part. There used to be a hanging of an essay on the walls of the FBI building during J. Edgar Hoover's days of being the Director of the Bureau that read in part like this "If you work for a man, in heavens name work for him; speak well of him and stand by the institution he represents. Remember an ounce of loyalty is worth a pound of cleverness...If you must growl, condemn, and eternally find fault, why - resign your position and when you are on the outside, damn to your heart's content"(1). Fellow agents and retired agents truly believe Rowley was disloyal to the Bureau. A former president of the Society of former Special Agents compared Rowley to convicted spy Robert Hansen. He proclaimed her behavior was "unthinkable and instead of going to the Russians, she went to Congress"(1).

Professor Larmer says loyalty must first be defined. There are many definitions of loyalty but he offers an adequate version for us in that loyalty involves acting in agreement with what one being the employee believes has a good reason to believe to be in the person's (the employer) best interest.

In the case of Agent Rowley, she believes she is acting in the best interest of her employer by writing the memo to Director Mueller and the two Senate committee members suggesting there were some bad decisions made in the way the FBI handled the events leading to /11. Agent Rowley never intended for her memo to go public before Director Muller and the two committee members had a chance to read it and respond. This brings us to Larmer's second requirement of loyalty. He says that whenever possible we should confront the person we are being loyal to directly. This is exactly what Agent Rowley intended to do. She believed by confronting her superiors something would be done. There are times when confronting the person you are being loyal to is not possible especially if you know that by doing so they may try to find more clever ways to hide the misconduct.

The third requirement of loyalty requires a person to be more concerned for the outcome other than justice being served. Agent Rowley demonstrates this requirement by not resigning her position and by continuing to send emails to her superiors making suggestions on how things can be better investigated even if they don't get great deal of enthusiasm from her superiors.

In conclusion, does blowing the whistle really violate company loyalty? It all depends on what is on the person's agenda. Does the person really want to see some good come out of the accusations or does the whistle blower have a hidden agenda to get ahead in the company or to make a profit from the accusations such as book deals or TV deals? If a person blows the whistle based on morality issues then it does not violate company loyalty. If the whistle blower has a hidden agenda, then it does violate loyalty as the person is only looking out for themselves and not for the company in which they work. I feel Agent Rowley demonstrated the utmost loyalty to her employer and the citizens of the United States by writing the memo even though it was not meant to have been seen by the public. She truly wants to see the FBI improve on the way it handles sensitive evidence or materials it receives; like the information they received prior to /11; so that another day like that does not happen again. If people like Agent Rowley stop blowing the whistle, there will be more days like September 11, 001 to come.

There is no resolution to this tough ethical issue. All organizations have different views on what is acceptable behavior and practices. Blowing the whistle on your employer is a personal choice and we all have different morals and values. What might be immoral to me, may not be immoral for someone next to me. I do feel if the whistle blowing is to serve oneself only, that is a violation of loyalty to your employer. If blowing the whistle is going to keep others from suffering from the consequences of the misconduct, then you are not violating loyalty to your company. It also depends on how severe the misconduct is. There again, we are looking at the different morals and values we all have in place. We are all different, but similar in some ways; and that is what makes us unique. This is why I feel there is no resolution to this issue. There is no right or wrong answer. It all depends on the individual or individuals.

(1)Ripley,Amanda, and Maggie Sieger. "The Special Agent."

Time. 0 Dec 00 - 06 Jan 00 4-40.

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Globalisation

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GLOBALISATION has become one of the most talked subject and concepts in recent times. It has become the most popular subject of many articles, speeches and seminars. Before talking about the advantages and disadvantages of the globalisation we should firstly be sure of the description of it. For years, many sociologists defined it in different ways.

The sociologist Anthony Giddens, for example, defines globalisation as a decoupling of space and time, emphasizing that with instantaneous communications, knowledge and culture can be shared around the world simultaneously .( http//www.globalisationguide.org/01.html, accessed 01/0/0)

David Held and Anthony McGrew write in their entry for Oxford Companion to Politics that globalisation can be conceived as a process (or set of processes) which embodies a transformation in the spatial organization of social relations and transactions, expressed in transcontinental or interregional flows and networks of activity, interaction and power. (http//www.globalisationguide.org/01.html, accessed 01/0/0)

With regard to advantages and disadvantages of globalisation, people are divided into two groups which first group is in favour of it as they think that if a country opens to world trade its economy gets more powerful than it was. China's opening to world trade, for instance, has brought it growth in income from $1460 a head in 180 to $410 by 1. Also, poor countries that have lowered their tariff barriers have gained increases in employment because more trade means more jobs and national income as labour and capital shifts from import-competing industries to expanding, newly competitive export industries. In addition to providing jobs, companies moving to developing countries often export higher wages and working conditions compared with those in domestic companies operating in the country. In contrast , second group claims that least-developed countries are becoming more dependent to the rich countries as their production power is not as strong as others and they have to buy many products from these countries. According to the annual UN Human Development Report ( www.news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/171.htm, accessed 01/0/0) which also support the idea of second group the effects of globalisation and increasing economic integration have led to the rich getting richer and the poor getting poorer in nearly every way. Cheap Custom Essays on globalisation

In my point of view, if The World Trade Organisation(WTO) which is the only international organisation dealing with the global rules of trade between nations,(www.caa.org.au/campaigns/election/globalisation/liberalisation.html, accessed 01/0/0 ) changes the rules to distribute benefits of trade more equally, all countries will benefit from globalisation. However, the current global rules are resulting in few winners and many losers. In particular, the 600 million people in the world's 48 least-developed countries (LDCs) remain largely excluded from the benefits of international trade.

Why has global inequality increased? The answer is in four parts (1) faster economic growth in developed OECD countries than developing countries as a group; () faster population growth in developing countries than in OECD countries; () slow growth of output in rural China, rural India, and Africa; and (4) rapidly widening output and income differences between urban China on the one hand, and rural China and rural India on the other.( www.economist.com/displaystory.cmf?story-ID58751, accessed 01/0/0)

So, the importance of the WTO emerges at this point. The goal should be to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business. The WTO cannot claim to make all countries equal. But it should reduce some inequalities, should give smaller countries more voice, and at the same time freeing the major powers from the complexity of having to negotiate trade agreements with each of their numerous trading partners.

Nowadays, the WTO argues that the growth of trade between countries increases the wealth of the people. Undoubtedly, more trade means more money, more money means more investment and more investment means more jobs which also means wealthy society. However, the situation in Turkey is a good description of the task of WTO. Turkey has doubled its export in5 years nevertheless it couldn't make investments as they are dependent to IMF due to its dept. On the other hand, although Turkey has great agricultural products to sell them all over the world, they cant compete in Europe due to high custom taxes which is not fair. If Turkey had technological power, they would have produced industrial products and could compete with rich countries. According to an article of Anatole Kaletsky in The Times on 10/07/001, if rich people really want to help the poor people, they wouldn't just pour money into dept relief, structural adjustment or dam-building projects. those who really want to help world's poor, should bring their technology into these countries since technology can actually do more for poor countries than rich ones and in many circumstances technological progress can produce results faster than economic progress. For example, since 170 the threat of famine has been almost eliminated in Asia despite the rapid growth of the population. This was made possible by the doubling of cereal yields that resulted from technological breakthroughs in plant breeding, pesticides and fertilizers. It took England almost 1000 years to achieve similar gains in yields before the industrial revolution.

To sum up, Globalisation is a description of the fact that countries and their citizens are affected by other people, or governments, or businesses, or decision-makers all around the world. And because communication is faster, and transport cheaper, the connections are more immediate and more intense than ever before. The telephone which first connected suburbs now connects the world, money, email, knowledge from business to business, home to business, home to home across the world. There is something we should bear in mind that the WTO should enforce its rules to all countries fairly. Otherwise the balance of the world is lost and this makes poor more poorer. To some extent, globalisation is like a gun. You can use it to defence yourself or to kill someone.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

· www.economist.com/displaystory.cmf?story-ID58751, accessed 01/0/0

· www.news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/171.htm, accessed 01/0/0

· www.caa.org.au/campaigns/election/globalisation/liberalisation.html, accessed 01/0/0

· www.globalisationguide.org/01.html, accessed 01/0/0

· Kaletsky, A. Devoloping countries will suffer without continued globalisation The Times,10/07/01

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STUDENTS FROM WAYMARSH STATE COLLEGE PROTEST

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The following argument appeared in the editorial section of a local newspaper "This past winter, 00 students from Waymarsh State College traveled to the state capitol building to protest against proposed cuts in funding for various state college programs. The other 1,000 Waymarsh students evidently were not so concerned about their education they either stayed on campus or left for winter break. Since the group who did not protest is far more numerous, it is more representative of the state's college students than the protesters. Therefore, the state legislature need not heed the appeals of the protesting students."

Some of the basic concepts in statistics are population and sample. The term population refers to all measurements or observations of interest. For example, if we want to know the opinion of the students from Waymarsh State College about any particular subject, then the population consists of the opinion of all the students attending this college.

It is important to mention that the population is defined in terms of our desire for knowledge. Therefore, the population can be described as measurements or observations of the entire group or people about which information is desired. In this sense, in order to drive any observations from the population of students attending Waymarsh State College, we need to make sure that we are considering the entire population. Cheap Custom Essays on STUDENTS FROM WAYMARSH STATE COLLEGE PROTEST

The article mentioned that only 00 students traveled to the state capitol building to participate in the protest against the cuts in funding. From our point of view, it is not possible to drive any conclusions from a group of 00 students when the entire population is 1,000 students. 00 students represent less than % of the entire student population from Waymarsh State College.

Often, it is not feasible or possible to study an entire population. In such instances, we need to use samples. A sample is simply a part of the population. But, in order to be a useful sample, it must represent the entire population. A random sample is such a representative sample and it is determined completely by chance.

The local newspaper wrote that "The other 1,000 Waymarsh students evidently were not concerned about their education because they stayed on campus or left for winter break" rather than participated in the protest. It is a questionable sentence. There are multiple reasons that we could think about as why a larger group did not attend to the capitol building protest. For instance, just to mention some of them

• Was the protest meeting (time and place) well informed to the students? How?

• Was the purpose/objective of the protest well informed to the students? How?

• Is this the best season to make the protest? Winter time? Before a break?

If we are going to use information obtained from a sample to draw conclusions about a population, the sample must be representative of the entire population. The newspaper should have not made any conclusions about the students concerned about their education on the basis of a sample of 00 students.

A sample that is representative of the entire population is a random sample. One of the properties of a random sample is that every member of the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample group. However, it is not enough. Another necessary condition is that every sample should be equally likely to be selected.

Then, it seems that the newspaper was driving its conclusions not only on the basis of a sample size that was not representative of the entire student population but also on the basis of a sample that could not be considered as randomly selected. Based on these findings, it seems to me that the argument in this article was not well reasoned.

Another important point in the process of using the student attendance to drive conclusions a priory about their concerns is how the students responded to the call for the protest. Voluntary response sample, another statistics concept, is known by often over representing people with strong opinions. "A Denver newspaper that has a wide circulation in Colorado decided to conduct a survey regarding the question of whether grazing fees for use of public lands should be increased. Of the many people who responded, about 85% said, "No!" However, the results were misleading as an indicator of the opinions held by the population of all people in Colorado." (Brase/Brase) The people who responded the survey was self-selected people. Then, this sample consisted mainly of ranchers who felt strongly enough to make a point to the newspaper.

Data collected from voluntary responses can be useful and interesting. However, the information collected in such a way could be considered anecdotal in nature. It is questionable to generalize the results to the entire population. Again, when the newspaper used the voluntary student attendance to drive its argument about the lack of concerned from the entire student population it was doing so by generalizing the opinion of 1,000 students based on the voluntary response of only a sample of 00. It seems to me that argument in the article was neither well reasoned nor well documented.

When conclusions are driven by gathering data, whether the data is gathered by sampling, by experiment or by simulation, we should be careful about hidden bias. This means that in reality we are not actually measuring what we hoped to measure. For instance, asking college students if having on-campus rooms that are equipped with personal desktop computers before asking if they would approve an increase in room renting charges might bias student responses. From my point of view, the newspaper argument could have been hidden bias by the fact that no direct opinion from the students was mentioned. It is only the newspaper article writer's opinion which is again based on the observation of a not representative sample.

Perhaps, the article writer should have considered some additional details to make his argument more persuasive or to improve the process of driving his conclusion. I would suggest that the writer could have included details about the protest organization such as the reader could have some background information. Moreover, the opinion about some of the students that were not able to attend could have been used to illustrate why some students were able to attend and why some other could not. Finally, the writer should have not included recommendations to the state legislature about "not heed the appeals of the protesting students" based on observation of the protest participation only. It was not accurate but rather questionable.

Brase, Charles & Brase Corrinne (001). Understanding Basic Statistics. N.Y. Houghton Mifflin CO.

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Business plan

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Executive Summary

The name of the business is Interior Enterprises located in Brookfield, Illinois at 1701 West 55th Street. The business is a partnership between James Faitz and Michael Rohan, both from the Chicagoland area with extensive background in interior restoring, remodeling, and refinishing. Interior Enterprises will undertake jobs in the five to twenty thousand dollar ranges to make back startup costs within the first two years. Initial startup costs are expected not to exceed $80,000 range. Family members of both owners will invest money. Loans will be repaid at eight- percent interest over twenty-four months.

Truck 0,000

Storage Space 18,000/ yr.

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Insurance 7,000/ yr.

Initial Projects/ Tools 5,000

Advertising 4,000

The partnership is split equally between both owners. Each of them will contribute $10,000 towards the initial startup costs. Business will be expectedly slow at the start and smaller, consistent jobs will stem from clients James has worked for in the past. Once a reputation for quality work has been established, approximately twelve to eighteen months, business will begin to find the company for their interior projects.

Objectives

The company will begin with only the two owners. As a reputation is established, the company will begin to hire on full time laborers at an hourly wage. The company is looking for clients that want to have their home or business "renewed." With such experience on the owner's part in restoring older homes, remodeling, and refinishing both older and new homes, the company is devoted strictly to the interior aspect of construction work and ensuring the homeowner's satisfaction.

Chart of Competition Comparison

These are several of the companies in the surrounding area and the labor charges for specific jobs. As one can see from the chart, prices are moderately the same with the exception of two companies that charge a lot more than we do.

Company 1x 14 room (paint) 1x14 hardwood floors Cabinet Installation Demolition

Interior Enterprises .15 SQFT . SQFT 18/hr 16/hr

Wright Remodeling .14 SQFT . SQFT 18/hr 17/hr

Interior Do-It -All .1 SQFT .4 SQFT 1/hr 0/hr

Pucker Interiors .11 SQFT .7 SQFT 16.5/hr 15/hr

Chein Construction .1 SQFT .5 SQFT 4/hr /hr

Prices are relatively close between Interior Enterprises, Wright, and Pucker. However, it was interesting to find out that the higher charging companies are mainly targeted toward commercial remodeling and sell less to residential customers. Interior Enterprises will divide projects evenly between both residential and commercial work priced at relatively the same figures. Pucker Interiors is the cheapest in the area, but studies have shown that many customers will usually take on of the moderately priced contractors before they will chose the high or the low.

Market Analysis

This is a pie graph forecasting how much work will be done in which areas of our expertise. Most of the company time will be spent in the restoration of older homes, with remodeling and refinishing following respectively. There also is time allotted for having to go back and do rework for something that is not up to the customer's satisfaction. At Interior Enterprises, we strive to commit ourselves to doing the job correctly and completely the first time, but as is with everything, customers will always find something they do not like and that is where our reputation will surpass the rest.

As discussed earlier, jobs will mainly be equally split between residential and commercial work. Much of the restoration work will come from residential units. Remodeling will largely come from commercial properties. For example, new restaurants will require different lay outs, warehouses sometimes need more office space, and jobs along those lines.

Market Needs

According to ENR magazine, work on residential units is increased by % since the year 000. However, construction has lost approximately 7% of the increase since 001, mainly due in part to the -11 tragedy. As we move away from the recession, people will continue to need work done in their homes and businesses. Our satisfaction guarantee will help to not only establish a good reputation, but will also make loyal customers.

Strategy and Implementation Summary

The sale and marketing strategy is fairly simple in our company. We have an initial basis of clientele to get the company started that already have knowledge of our performance. Besides "word of mouth," advertising in local papers, and Internet advertisements will be enough to attract customers. Also, people who have recently bought a new home or business, can receive discounts for using Interior Enterprises as their first contract company. This will produce repeat customers and loyal partners which is a main part of our goal.

Sales Forecast

In this industry, as stated in "market needs'" business is up which means there is more of a demand than there is supply. Many of the jobs in the beginning of business are expected to generate a profit of up to 5-6,000 dollars, not including personal labor costs. This is the money that will begin paying interest for the loans, overhead, gas, and other daily expenses. Payroll will be the last to come from the profit budget. James and Michael both understand the meaning of breaking even and this will have to be very carefully executed to not go under in the first months.

Management Summary

The management of Interior Enterprises will be as follows both partners will equally run the business. . James Faitz will be in charge of public relations, finding the work and scheduling all jobs. Michael will run the office and the books. Aside from these jobs, both partners will need to work in the field in order to get the work done. As the company grows, there will be more money to be able to afford office help as well as field laborers.

Financial Plan

Family and friends will support the $60,000 in startup fees and costs. The $60,000 will cost the company $600 over the two year loan period in interest. First payments will begin six months after start up and will then extend for eighteen months thereafter until the entire loan is paid back. This will come out to approximately $00 every month in loan payments.

Income will be approximately $15,000 per month. $4,000 of that will go towards repaying loans, approximately $800 in fuel charges, rental costs are projected at $500 for larger equipment that may be necessary for certain jobs, i.e. scaffolding, concrete saws, etc. Payroll will come out of this money and 15% will go into company savings.

Business Plan for

Interior Enterprises

"If you don't like it, we'll redo it"

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Daniel Hale Williams

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Daniel Hale Williams. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Daniel Hale Williams paper right on time. Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Daniel Hale Williams, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Daniel Hale Williams paper at affordable prices with cheap essay writing service! The Pioneer of Open Heart Surgery

There have been many achievements and important discoveries from African Americans that contributed to the advancement of the American people. I would have to write volumes to name every one so I decided to choose a major accomplishment. Open Heart Surgery is one great accomplishments of America to date. Daniel Hale Williams performed the first open heart surgery July ,188. This was at a time when blacks still were not accepted as human beings or as a part of society. Daniel overcame many adversities to become a doctor and help with the advancement of African Americans. Though Williamss practice thrived, he saw that opportunities in the medical field were limited for black people. So in 181, Williams founded Provident Hospital and Medical Center in Chicago. It was countrys first black-owned hospital and had an interracial staff and nurse training school. Provident Hospital is still open today. Dr. Daniel Hale Williams came from humble beginnings, but through perseverance, hard work, and dedication as well enormous leadership talents, he rose to the position of a distinguished individual, an innovative administrator, and an outstanding surgeon.

While Daniel Hale William College he began to look into to the medical field because he'd seen others do well in medicine so he decided to try it. Almost immediately following his decision he started an apprenticeship with the distinguished Dr. Henry Palmer. His apprenticeship lasted three years but he had to move on to receive formal training if he wanted to become a true doctor. Dr Palmer suggested that Daniel enroll in the Midwest Chicago Medical College. He really wanted to but he had become poor after he was no longer working as a barber because he wanted to focus solely on becoming the best doctor he could be. Knowing how desperately Daniel wanted to go to Medical school John and Denise Daily, friends of the family gave him money to go to school. They even let him stay in their house until he finished. While he attended college his professors made it hard for him to do well because he was the only African American there studying to be a physician and they didn't like that. After four long years Daniel got his M.D in 188.

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At he start of his career he decided to go to Washington D.C. there were a lot of black people there so he felt he would have a good clientele. He stayed in D.C for about a year and a half but he was not satisfied with the work he was doing and didn't think he was making a difference. He then moved back to Chicago where he became a surgeon at the Southside Dispensary of Chicago. In 181 Williams founded The Provident hospital, it was a three-story building that had only twelve beds, which served the whole community. The hospital was also a school for aspiring black nurses because they weren't allowed in any other schools. Daniel always noticed the things that were not right in society he didn't understand why everyone couldn't attend the same schools and receive the same training. So he took it upon himself to help black people any way he could by opening the first hospital and nursing school. The hospital did quite well its first year considering the status of the patients, which were poor and had little if any insurance. Provident had an 87% success rate in the first year of it's opening with 400 patients and only of them died.

In 1884 President Cleveland appointed Dr. Williams the Surgeon in Chief's position at Freedman's Hospital in Washington D.C. He accepted and left behind Provident Hospital to one of his close associates Derrick Bell. Daniel ended up staying in D.C for five years, where he reorganized Freedman's Hospital as a training facility for black nurses also. Dr. Williams made every effort to aide black people against discrimination. Since he was a well-known doctor and respected by everyone he was able to get people to open nursing schools and hospital for blacks in the south.

On July , 18 James Cornish was involved in a bar fight and brutally wounded in the chest. He was rushed to Provident Hospital, by the time he arrived he had lost a great deal of blood and started going into shock. No one thought James was going to make it. Dr Williams contemplated how he was going to handle the situation because he believed that he could save his life. He knew that his chest would have to be opened to operate internally. At this time the thought of opening someone's chest to operate was unheard of. He soon made the decision to go ahead and open him up because he really didn't have any other choice. Daniel saw there was extensive damage to the sac surrounding the heart and he began to repair it. After 10 long hours of surgery James was still alive. The operation had saved his life and three months later he walked out of the hospital fully recovered and went on to live for 50 more years. Dr. Williams was so busy at the time with work that he did not document his achievement of performing the first open heart surgery. With the buzz of the news going around a local newspaper did an article on him, which he received the acclaim he deserved. Daniel was not concerned with being famous he just wanted to help people. The procedures for the operation would soon be used as blueprints for up and coming doctors.

A few years had gone by and Daniel moved back to D.C where he met Alice Johnson. Soon after they met they got married and Daniel took some time off to enjoy married life. He couldn't stay gone for long he knew he had to get back to saving lives and bettering people. Dr Williams resigned from the Freedman's Hospital and moved back to Chicago to resume his position at his own hospital. He also went all around the country overseeing patients and procedures in hospitals. Dr. Williams went on to become one of the founding members of The National Medical Association, which he and his colleagues organized for black doctors because they were not allowed in other medical associations.

Dr. Williams received many honors and awards after he retired. Howard and Wilberforce Universities made him an honorary member. He went on to publish several articles in medical journals. In 11 Williams was named a charter member of the American College of Surgeons, the same association that would not except him simply because he was black.

Dr. Daniel Hale Williams died on August 4, 11, in his summer home from a massive stroke. There was no way for him to get help because he was home alone. Dr. Williams will always be remembered as a part of American culture. He set the standards and ways for black people to advance at the time when no one wanted to see black people doing anything, especially not performing open-heart surgery. Without his massive achievements to society we still might not know how to perform open-heart surgery. Dr. Williams paved the way for future doctors and helped black people advance in the American Society.

Buckler, Helen. Daniel Hale Williams, Negro Surgeon. New York Pitman Corp, 168.

Kelves, Daniel J, "Daniel Hale Williams", World Book Online Americas Edition, Retrieved 15 April 00. http//www.aolsvc.worldbook.aol.com/ar? /na/ar/ar60460.htm

"The Past and the Promise Daniel Hale Williams". Chicago Historical Society, Retrieved 15 April 00. http//www.chicagohs.org/DGBPhotoEssay/DGB06.html

"Daniel Hale Williams", Association of Black Cardiologists, Inc. Pioneers. http//www.abcardio.org/daniel_williams.htm

Dupree, Michael; OLeary, J. Patrick. "Focuses on Dr. Daniel Hale Williams and looks at his first successful closure of a laceration of the pericardium". American Surgeon. Apr7, Vol. 6 Issue 4, p7, p

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How does Miller present and develop John Proctor's character in the first two acts of 'The Crucible'?

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At the start of the play Arthur miller tells us how john views himself as a sinner against moral fashion at the time and in his own vision of decent conduct because of his affair with Abigail. The guilt he feels is shown when he says I will cut of my hand before I reach for you again in Act one to Abigail when she tries to convince him of her love. By John saying that it makes him sound like a criminal who is stating his own punishment. Arthur Miller here is telling us that John is guilty about his past actions and will punish himself before he repeats it. In the middle of Act two John openly declares his guilt to Elizabeth. He tries to make her understand that he is sorry and that she should not judge him. She is right though, when she says it is john who is the harshest judge. His guilty conscience is once again highlighted towards the end of act two when he passionately says that goodness will not die for me (His wife, Elizabeth). Here Arthur miller shows us that in Johns eyes he is the sinner and Elizabeth represents all things good.

In Act one we see that John still has feelings for Abigail. We pick up on these feelings when he meets her at the start, he gives her a knowing smile, tells her he thinks of her softly from time to time and confirms with her that he sometimes stands outside her window at night. However he also still has feelings for his wife, Arthur Miller shows us this when he shouts at Abigail for being rude about his wife and then threatens to whip her if she doesnt stop. Throughout acts one and two we see that his feelings for Abigail and Elizabeth both change. When he is at home with Elizabeth his is caring, gentle when he speaks to her and kisses her to try and make things better between them. We can see that he still loves his wife but then when she tries to persuade him to go to Salem to betray Abigail he is reluctant, showing that he has feelings for Abigail and then gets angry when she brings out his feelings in the open. However his feelings then change about Abby when he realizes that she has accused his wife, a plan to get rid of her so she can get to him. We realize that he no longer cares for her when he shouts we shall slide together into our pit to Mary when she comes forth about her knowledge of the affair. Johns feelings for Abby change but his feelings for Elizabeth change too. In the middle of Act John is reluctant to go to Salem because he has feelings for Abby and because it will ruin him if the news of the affair leak out. Then at the end of Act John no longer cares of his reputation he only cares about his love for his wife and saving her from the court. His love is shown when he says I will bring you home, I will bring you soon', I will fall like and ocean on the court, fear nothing Elizabeth' and when he says that goodness will not die for me. Johns character changes with the situations that he faces, he realizes how much he loves Elizabeth and because of this another change comes about in his character, his reputation, his pride and his stubborn behavior come second and not first as in the beginning of the play.

John is honest throughout the play. At the start John tells Abby straight that the affair is over between them, he then also tells Parris exactly how he feels about his preaching techniques. John doesnt lie, a sign of the depth of his religious beliefs. He also is honest when he tells Elizabeth how he has tip toed in the house these seven months after Abigail has gone. He doesn't hide anything form Elizabeth, he wants to get everything out in the open which shows how he desperately wants to close the gap in their marriage. Arthur Miller also carries this characterization through Act when he shows that John also speaks true to Mr. Hale and outsider to Salem about his personal beliefs. He is true right to the very end when he calls Mr. Hale a coward for not coming through with his doubts.

At the start of the Play we see that John has a strong personality. His honesty shows us that his opinions and views mean a lot to him, He goes as he pleases, totally independent. However this characterization of his is changed to due the circumstances that face him. We see that in Act two Johns is desperate to make amends with his wife. He goes about on tip toe; he compromises with himself and changes when he is around her which shows that he is truly sorry. At the end of Act two we are shown the stark contrast between the strong John Proctor at the start of act one and the defenseless man left at the end of act two that can not do anything but watch his wife be taken away.

Throughout acts one and two we are shown that Johns pride and his reputation mean a lot to him. He is proud of his status in society, which is shown when he reminds Parris that everyone needs to be consulted before Parris can take steps. John is also reluctant to go into town to accuse Abigail of lying as he doesn't want his reputation damaged if the truth about his affair comes out. At the end of Act we can see that his pride is still very important to his when he doesn't let his wife Elizabeth be degraded by being chained to the wagon when she is taken away.

From the start and through to the end of Act John is a rebellion trough and through, his rebellion behavior only gets stronger as he adopts to the changing situations around him. At the start we know that he is of an independent mind, in the strict religious community that he lives in he only attends church occasionally as he feels that the minister isnt up to his standards. His affair with Abigail is a sign of his rebellious character because he breaks all of puritan society codes by sleeping with Abigail. He rebels towards the law when he rips up Elizabeth's warrant. Overall his views and opinions al rebel against society in general.

Arthur Miller also shows John as being quite hypocritical. He admits he still has feelings for Abby but then defends his wife in front of Abigail. He tells Mary to obey her duty to his wife and go and help out at home and yet he hasnt fulfilled any duties to his wife by having an affair with her servant. He is reluctant to go and blacken his name in the village and yet he wants to help his friends. He is also hypocritical when he doesn't want to make his affair public and yet he wants to protect his wife.

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