What Affects the Shape of a Volcano?

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What Affects the Shape of a Volcano?

Aim

The aim of this experiment is to see what factors affect the shape of a volcano. The factor I will change is the temperature of the magma.

Plan

I plan to use a beaker and fill it with 150cc of water. I will then place the beaker on a gauze, which is placed on a tripod. Under the tripod I plan to place a heatproof mat and a Bunsen burner. In to the beaker with water in it, I will place a boiling tube witch is half full of my magma substitute. The substance I will use instead of magma will be Phenyl-Salicylate as it has a low melting point of 4oC. I will then melt the Phenyl-Salicylate to different temperatures. I will put 1CC of the melted Phenyl-Salicylate on to a wooden board, which is covered with tin foil to make the surface smooth. The board will be set to an angle of 0o and held at that angle with a clamp stand and clamp. I will then measure accurately how far the Phenyl-Salicylate travels down the board before it solidifies. I will then repeat this times for each temperature. The temperature I will heat the Phenyl-Salicylate up too will depend on a preliminary experiment where I will see how far the melted Phenyl-Salicylate will travel at a certain temperature. For the preliminary experiment, I will set it up the same way I plan to set up my main experiment. I will use 1CC of Phenyl-Salicylate on the board and also heat the Phenyl-Salicylate up to 70oC.

Preliminary experiment results -

Temperature of the Phenyl-Salicylate (in oC) Distance the Phenyl-Salicylate travelled (in centimetres)

70 7.0

Using the results from this preliminary experiment I will heat the Phenyl-Salicylate to temperatures of 45, 50, 55, 60 and 65oC.

Safety

As with any experiment this experiment can be potentially dangerous. Because of this I will need to wear safety goggles at all times and be careful of the melted Phenyl-Salicylate, as it will be very hot. I will also have to make sure I don't spill the melted Phenyl-Salicylate on any clothing, as it will be very difficult to remove.

Prediction

I predict that the hotter the Phenyl-Salicylate, the further it will travel down the board. I predict this because for the Phenyl-Salicylate to solidify, it needs to cool down. The hotter the Phenyl-Salicylate is, the more energy is in it. To cool down the Phenyl-Salicylate must get rid of this energy therefore the more energy there is in the Phenyl-Salicylate the longer it takes to get rid of the excess energy and so the longer it takes to cool down. So the hotter the Phenyl-Salicylate, the longer it will take cool down. Over this period of time, the melted Phenyl-Salicylate will travel down the board. It will travel at the same speed as some Phenyl-Salicylate, which is of a lower temperature. This means the cooler Phenyl-Salicylate will solidify before the Phenyl-Salicylate of greater temperature. Therefore the cooler Phenyl-Salicylate will solidify further up the board and travel less distance then the hotter Phenyl-Salicylate.

Results

Temperature Distance Travelled (in cm)

Of the Phenyl- Repeats

Salicylate (in oC) 1 Average

45 15.0 15.5 18.0 16.

50 8.5 4.5 8.0 0.

55 .5 4.0 .5 .0

60 6.5 6.0 5. 5.

65 6.0 6.5 6.5 6.

Analysis

My experiment shows that the hotter the Phenyl-Salicylate, the further it will travel down the board before it solidifies. The distance the Phenyl-Salicylate travelled increased the hotter the Phenyl-Salicylate was. However the distance the Phenyl-Salicylate travelled by, compared to the distance travelled by the cooler Phenyl-Salicylate, only increased by a smaller and smaller distance each time. This proves that the hotter the magma is when an eruption occurs, the more gentile sloping the volcano will be.

This is because when I heated the Phenyl-Salicylate, energy was transferred to the Phenyl-Salicylate. This energy transfer transferred energy to the Phenyl-Salicylate molecules. This meant the molecules had more energy to move around. This means the molecules have more energy to break the bonds, which were keeping the molecules close together with the other molecules in the Phenyl-Salicylate. This all meant the Phenyl-Salicylate melted so the Phenyl-Salicylate physical state was a liquid. Because the Phenyl-Salicylate is hotter then the surrounding environment (the air), the Phenyl-Salicylate had more kinetic energy then it surroundings. Heat transfer always happens from a high concentration (i.e. a hotter area) to a lower concentration (i.e. a cooler area). Because of this Phenyl-Salicylate transferred some of the energy it had to the surroundings until it had reached an equilibrium with the air. This meant the Phenyl-Salicylate cooled down until it reached its freezing point and changed it physical state to a solid. When the Phenyl-Salicylate was heated up to a greater temperature, it has more energy and heat to transfer to the surrounding air for the Phenyl-Salicylate to reach an equilibrium with the air. This means the hotter the Phenyl-Salicylate is, the longer it will take for the Phenyl-Salicylate to cool down. This also means the cooler Phenyl-Salicylate will solidify before the hotter Phenyl-Salicylate. As the temperature of a liquid does not affect the speed of the liquid travailing down a slope enough to change this experiment, the different temperatures of the melted Phenyl-Salicylate will all travel at the same speed. As the Phenyl-Salicylate travels the same speed at different temperatures, the cooler Phenyl-Salicylate will travel less distance then the hotter Phenyl-Salicylate. This all applies to magma as well and is why the hotter the magma is, the more gentile sloping the volcano will be.

My prediction was right. My analysis of the experiment describes in more detail what I thought would happen. My conclusion supports my prediction but the conclusion has more detail about what happened.

Evaluation

This experiment went well and the result seems to be of good quality. Not much went wrong in the experiment. The equipment worked well, the experiment was simple and easy to set up and I managed to repeat the experiment a couple of times to get reliable results.

The results I got was reliable, as the experiment went well and as I had planed. The only result I got which I think is an anomaly is when I heated the Phenyl-Salicylate up to 55oC. I think this because on my graph the other results form a smooth curve, which starts to level off at the end. The result for when the Phenyl-Salicylate was heated to 55oC does not fit this curve and it is some distance away from the curve.

The experiment I did was very suitable for the problem I was set. It proved that the temperature of the magma affects the shape of the volcano. It also proved that the hotter the magma is, the more gentile slopping the volcanoes sides will be. As with any experiment, there could be changes to improve the experiment. To improve my experiment I could use a greater number of different temperatures to heat the Phenyl-Salicylate to and then measure the distance they travel before the Phenyl-Salicylate solidifies. I could have also repeated the experiment more times. Both of these changes would mean I would get more reliable and accurate results.

The results I got are sufficient to support the conclusion I stated. The results show the hotter the Phenyl-Salicylate, the further it travelled down the board. Even when I take in to account of the anomalous result of the 55oC temperature of the Phenyl-Salicylate, it still shows the distance increased with temperature. My results as well were of good quality and the only way I could of made them of better quality is to repeat the experiment many more times.

As the title of this experiment is "What Affects the Shape of a Volcano" I could do many more experiments. I could continue with the factor this experiment is about, the temperature of the magma, and repeat the experiment many more times and use a greater degree of temperatures. I could also see what factors causes the shape of a volcano. This factor could be how acidic the magma is. The experiment to see how this affects the shape of a volcano would be very easy to do. I would use the same equipment I used in this experiment again in the experiment to see the effects of the acidity of magma. I would still use Phenyl-Salicylate to represent magma, and I would still heat it up past the Phenyl-Salicylate's melting point. However I would heat the Phenyl-Salicylate up to a certain point above the Phenyl-Salicylate's melting point, for example 60oC, and I would always heat the Phenyl-Salicylate up to that temperature. I would then mix varying strengths of acids in to the Phenyl-Salicylate, for example Hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid and vinegar. I would use the same amount of acid, and the same amount of Phenyl-Salicylate each time. I would also repeat the experiment times and get an average for the results. For this experiment I would predict that the more acidic the magma, the more steeper the volcano. I think this because the more acidic magma is found erupting from steep sided volcanoes.

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