Computer Technology

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Computer Technology. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Computer Technology paper right on time. Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Computer Technology, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Computer Technology paper at affordable prices!

http//wwwsel.iit.nrc.ca/projects/cots/icse000wkshp/Papers/.pdf;

"COTS Software Selection The Need To Make Tradeoffs Between System Requirements, Architectures and COTS/Components"; Ncube, Cornelius and Maiden, Neil; Center For HCI Design.

This paper, presents a new research agenda to address problems of COTS software selection in the forthcoming decade. It describes the increasing shift towards software engineering based on COTS software packages, the limitations of current COTS/component-based software engineering methods and research efforts, and proposes a new research agenda to address the problems which arise from a software engineering process based on the reuse of COTS software and software components. The focus of the proposed research is how can we develop complex software systems by integrating together different combinations of COTS software packages and software components.

Even though this paper leaves a lot of open issues, it presents a great method for requirements engineering for COTS software selection, then critiques it and identifies possible new research directions and future solutions. This paper provides many great examples and diagrams to help you understand what is being talk about thought out the paper.

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For further investigation, there is an excellent reference list that has 1 references listed, that are from very good sources.

http//www-.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu/project/edrc-ballista/www/;

"The Ballista Project; COTS Software Robustness Testing"; Koopman, Prof. Phil; Carnegie Mellon University.

This paper covers The Ballista automated robustness testing approach probes software to see how effective it is at exception handling. For example, Ballista testing can find ways to make operation systems crash, and can make other software packages suffer abnormal termination instead of gracefully returning error indications. Ballista testing enables users to test the robustness of home-grown and third party software on their own computers. Ballista is a "black box" software testing tool, and is works well on testing the APIs of Commercial Off-The-Self (COTS) software. Ballista started as a DARPA funded research project, and is now largely completed. Ballista changes this by providing a simple, repeatable way to directly measure software robustness without requiring source code or behavioral specifications. As a result, product developers can use robustness metrics to compare off-the-shelf software components, and component developers can measure their effectiveness at exception handling.

This paper was kind of complex and did not really have too much good information written it in. It was hard to understand and you really had to get into the paper and dig for the information in order to be able to find it.

This paper was not a very good reference at all. It did not provide a list of reference or any type of bibliography, so it would not be a good source for further investigation.

http//fessp.llnl.gov/csrc/files/146.pdf; "Using Commercial Off The Self (COTS) Software in High Consequence Safety Systems"; Scott, John A. and Preckshot, G. Gary.

This paper is based on work performed by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory1 to assist the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission in understanding the state of the art with respect to applying commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) software to high-consequence safety systems. These systems, for which the consequences of failure can be severe or catastrophic, must be developed, implemented, and maintained in ways that provide assurance that catastrophic consequences will be prevented. This paper discusses various aspects of the question of using commercially available software in these systems. Risk, grading, and system assessment are discussed, and relevant standards are summarized. A recommendation for addressing key issues regarding the use of commercial software in high-consequence safety systems is given. Given the current state of the art in software engineering and the technical, political, and maintenance considerations associated with typical commercial software, it appears that it will be difficult at best to incorporate COTS software products into high-consequence safety systems. If an effective grading process is in place, however, the tradeoffs associated with the use of COTS products in lower risk categories become more palatable

This was a very well written paper, which may it easy to understand and helped me to learn things myself, as I read this paper. There are many good examples throughout the paper, along with great models and charts to help us better understand about COTS.

This paper had 5 references included on the reference list that could possibly be used as a good source for further investigation.

http//www.slis.ualberta.ca.cais000/beheshti.htm;

"Problems With COTS Software; A Case Study"; Beheshti, Jamshid and Dupuis, John; McGill University.

This paper reports on the use of Commercial Off The Self (COTS) software for developing a dynamic environment for an online public access catalogue (OPAC). COTS products are widely used throughout the industry. While there are many potential benefits, use of COTS components is also fraught with pitfalls. The research on creating a dynamic environment for OPACs is based on the previous work in this area, Public Access Catalogue Extension (PACE), which was developed with custom-based software programs. Although in the previous research project all the programs all the programs were successfully developed in C and C++, the present project relied very little on original and custom programming. Instead, a number of COTS products were used to construct the dynamic environment Macromedia Director, D Dreams, Extreme D, Crossroads, and Easybase. These COTS products were chosen for their ability to produce the desired results, their availability at reasonable costs, and their capability to integrate with one another. The paper also states that developers indicate that while COTS products might be suitable for applications in "known environments" custom architecture should be considered for new and unexplored projects.

This paper was very well written. It was very easy to read and understand exactly what was being said. The paper described everything step by step along the way and gave a table at the end with the results and exactly how they came about.

For further investigation, there is an excellent reference list that has 17 references listed, that are from very good sources, to choose from.

http//www.hpl.hp.com/research/tsl/external%0publications/tech%0reports/HPL-00-178.pdf; "Towards Diversity Of COTS Software Applications Reducing Risks of Widespread Faults and Attacks"; Mont, Marco Casassa; Baldwin, Adrian; Beres, Yolanta; Harrison, Keith; Sadler, Martin and Shiu, Simon; HP Laboratories Bristol; June 6, 00.

This paper introduces an alternative approach to diversity which takes advantage of the componentization of modern commercial software. Critical software components are identified during the risk assessment phase and multiple (functionally equivalent) implementations are developed. These multiple implementations of components are distributed within software installation packages. The paper also states that experiments based on simulations show that there is a clear advantage to increasing diversity of standard components to help in managing attacks. It is clear to see from the results stated in the paper, that both the number of infected systems and the speed of infection are inversely proportional to the level of diversity. The feasibility and efficacy of the proposed model has to be verified in real-world scenarios.

This paper was definitely well written the best out of all five of the references that I have read. It was very easy to understand, provided great examples, and even a couple of great visual models that made things easier to understand, by being able to see it.

This paper has an excellent reference list, with different references to choose from, if you would want to do further investigation.

Please note that this sample paper on Computer Technology is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Computer Technology, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Computer Technology will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Macbeth Essay

If you order your cheap essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Macbeth Essay. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Macbeth Essay paper right on time. Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Macbeth Essay, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Macbeth Essay paper at affordable prices with cheap essay writing service! Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are basically good people who make an ill judgement. It is unfair for Malcolm to describe them as this dead butcher and his fiend - like queen. In the beginning they are respected people who share a loving relationship. Their downfall is caused by their ambition for Macbeth to be great, sparked by the witches prophecy, and not because they are evil. Macbeths indecision on whether or not to kill Duncan, and Lady Macbeths begging of the spirits to take away her feminine qualities, show that ruthlessness does not come easily to them.

Macbeth is a Scottish nobleman and important kinsman of King Duncan, whose devising and heroic leadership of a winning tactic in a battle show his talent, courage and loyalty to his country. He is well respected, and after his feat of braveness, Duncan believes him worthy to receive the title of Thane of Cawdor, which is a huge honour to Macbeth. The problem with this, though, is that it helps to spark his ambition, which, we find later, is his tragic flaw.

Lady Macbeth is a loyal wife with ambitions for her husband. She believes that Macbeth deserves to be King, but thinks that he is too nice to do anything about it. She does not think that he could kill Duncan on his own. She is supportive of Macbeth, and is willing to do what she can to help him get what he wants. She is basically a caring and loving person, though, so she pleads with the Spirits to take away her tenderness and femininity and make her ruthless Come, you spirits/ That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, /And fill me, from the crown to the toe, top full/ Of direst cruelty. (I.v.8-41). This evidence on Macbeth and Lady Macbeth proves that, at the beginning of the play, they are both good, virtuous people.

When the witches predict that he shall be king, Macbeth does not think that he should do anything about making the prophecy come true If Chance will have me king, why Chance may crown me/ Without my stir. (I.iv.4-44). However, when King Duncan places an extra obstacle in his way by naming his son, Malcolm, as his successor, Macbeth realises that, if he is to be king, then he must kill Duncan The Prince of Cumberland! That is a step/ On which I must fall down, or else oerleap/ For in my way it lies. Stars hide your fires, / Let not light see my black and deep desires. (I.iv.4-5).

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When Lady Macbeth reads in her husbands letter of the witches prediction, she, too, realises that Duncan must be killed for it to come true. She thinks that Macbeth deserves to be great, and should murder Duncan so that this can be so, but she believes that he is too noble and honest to do something so immoral Yet do I fear thy nature / It is too full othe milk of human-kindness/ To catch the nearest way. Thou wouldst be great / Art not without ambition, but without / The illness should attend it. (I.v.14-18).

Although Macbeth wants to be king, he does not wish to kill Duncan, and he thinks aloud to himself of his reasons First, as I am his kinsman and his subject, / Strong both against the deed; then, as his host, / who should against his murderer shut the door, / Not bear the knife myself. (I.vii.1). Macbeth does not want to kill Duncan because he is his king and close relation, and because it is his duty as host to protect him. This shows that he is not evil. If he were, his kinship and duty to the king would offer no hindrance to his decision to murder him.

Lady Macbeth knows that Macbeths conscience and indecision will hinder his ambitions. It is because of this that she resolves to use brave, scolding and punishing words to drive away his doubts, and to encourage him to commit the deed that will obtain him the crown Hie thee hither, / that I may pour my spirits in thine ear, / And chastise with the valour of my tongue / All that impedes thee from the golden round. (I.v.4-7).

Although Lady Macbeth is supportive of her husband, and tries to persuade him to murder Duncan, she does not force him to do it. Macbeth decides to kill Duncan on his own, with his tragic flaw, ambition, as the main influence of his decision. For Macbeth to be a tragedy, as Shakespeare intended it to be, no one must force him to make the decision that ultimately brings him down. He must make the decision, based on his tragic flaw, on his own.

After murdering Duncan, Macbeth is agitated and frightened. He forgets to place the daggers near Duncans guards as he planned to, and is too afraid to go near the place of murder to correct the mistake Ill go no more. / I am afraid to think what I have done; / Look ont again I dare not. (II.ii.50-5). Macbeth wishes to wash his hands of Duncans blood, and thus the deed, but believes that no amount of water could remove all the blood Will all great Neptunes ocean wash this blood / Clean from my hand? No, (II.ii.60-61). He regrets killing Duncan, wishing that he would wake from his sleep of death Wake Duncan with thy knocking! I would thou couldst! (II.ii.74).

Lady Macbeth, on the other hand, is calm and logical immediately after the murder. She does not appear to be at all worried about being caught, believing that, by cleaning their hands of blood, they are cleaning their hands of the deed A little water clears us of this deed. (II.ii.67). The wine she has drunk has made her brave, and she fixes Macbeths mistake by placing the bloodied daggers near the guards so that they are blamed for the murder. It seems as though the murder has had no effect on Lady Macbeth until she sees Duncans body, when the realisation of what they have done hits her and causes her to faint. This shows that the wine she had drunk and the fact that she had not yet seen what they had done caused her visage of carelessness. It is because of these actions by Macbeth and Lady Macbeth that we see that they are good people who would not usually commit such a crime.

Soon after the murder of Duncan, Macbeth and Lady Macbeths relationship begins to change. During the planning of the murder, Lady Macbeth is in charge, instructing her husband on what to do. After hiring the murderers to kill Banquo and Fleance, Macbeth tells his wife to Be innocent of the knowledge, dearest chuck, till thou applaud the deed. (III.ii.45-46), showing that he is beginning to take control, plotting on his own and not even telling his wife what he is planning to do.

Where, before he was king, Macbeth was acting according to his ambition, by the beginning of Act III he is fighting for survival. He realises that he has come too far and killed too many people to turn back I am in blood / Stepped in so far, that, should I wade no more, / Returning were as tedious as go oer. (III.iv.16-17).

He has come to distrust everybody, especially Macduff, even to the point of hiring spies, and intend to kill any who get in his way Theres not a one of them, but in his house / I keep a servant feed ... For mine own good / All causes shall give way. (III.iv.10-11,14-15). Macbeth is worried about the consequences of his actions. He is afraid that nature will somehow find away to avenge the murders that he has committed It will have blood, they say; blood will have blood. (III.iv.11). Macbeth soon realises that, if the witches told the truth, then all that he fought for will go to Banquos sons instead of his own For Banquos issue have I filed my mind, / For them the gracious Duncan have I murdered, / Put rancours in the vessel of my peace, / Only for them. (III.i.64-67). This realisation frustrates Macbeth, and makes him even more determined to survive. He is also frustrated by Macduff leaving the country before he has a chance to kill him. If he is evil in this play at all, it is now, when he takes out these frustrations by having Macduffs family killed. Macbeth is no longer killing for entirely selfish reasons. He is now like a soldier, killing for survival and what he has fought for.

The last time that we see Lady Macbeth in command is at the banquet in Act III. In this scene, Lady Macbeth tries to protect and cover up for Macbeth by excusing his behaviour as a fit when Banqous ghost appears to him and he addresses it in terror. The next time we see her is in the beginning of the last Act, and she is far from the confident, calm person that we see in Act I. She has begun sleepwalking, and is obviously tormented by the murders that she has had part in. Earlier, she thought that a little water was all that was needed to wash her hands of Duncans blood, but, while sleepwalking, she thinks that her hands are covered in blood that cannot be removed Yet heres a spot…Out, damned spot! Out, I say!…What, will these hands neer be clean?…Heres the smell of the blood still. All the / Perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand. (V.i.1,4,4,48-4). By her behaviour, we see that Lady Macbeth is paying the penalty for the mistakes she helped to make. She was just trying to be a good wife by helping her husband receive what she believed he deserved. Her suffering is such that it leads to suicide, which shows that Lady Macbeth is not at all fiend-like. If she were, then the murders would have had no effect on her.

By the end of the play, Macbeth begins to be tired of living Igin to be aweary of the sun. (V.v.4). As he prepares to defend the castle, he desperately holds on to the hope that the witches prophecies are true, for he believes that, if they are not, then all that he has gained will be lost. While fighting, Macbeth does not want to kill Macduff, because he has hurt him enough by killing his family My soul is too much charged with blood of thine already. (V.viii.5-6). Believing in the witches prediction that none of woman born (IV.i.7) could harm him, and believing that all men are of woman born, he is unafraid of Macduff. When he finds that Macduff was born by caesarean, and therefore is not, in the usual sense, of woman born, he realises that the witches have tricked him. He knows then that, as the witches predicted, Macduff will kill him, but refuses to surrender. This reminds us of the fearless soldier of the first Act and shows that he is not afraid of death, and that he knows that he is about to pay for his mistake. By the attempted kindness of sparing Macduff his life, and the courage he shows by fighting to his death, we see that Macbeth is not a butcher, but a good man with the tragic flaw of ambition.

It is clear by their behaviour that Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are not evil. Lady Macbeths obvious suffering and regret, shown by her sleepwalking and suicide, and Macbeths fighting to his death, like the fearless soldier in the first Act, prove that Malcolms describing them as this dead butcher and his fiend-like queen is unfair and inaccurate.

Please note that this sample paper on Macbeth Essay is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Macbeth Essay, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Macbeth Essay will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Man who planted trees

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on man who planted trees. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality man who planted trees paper right on time. Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in man who planted trees, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your man who planted trees paper at affordable prices!

Summary of Scenes

1. A young man carrying a pack on his back walks across a vast landscape. In the distance are the vague forms of mountains. He recalls, Many years ago I set out on a walking tour, high in the alps, in a region quite unknown to travelers. He adds, If found myself in a wasteland. He camps among same ruins. He looks for a well. When he finds one, it is dry. All around him are abandoned houses. The animated images flow across the screen like watercolors. The next morning the young man leaves.

. After five hours walking, he still has found no water. In the distance the landscape appears desolate. Then the young man sees in the distance a dark shape, like a tree stump. The shape is revealed to be an old shepherd and his dog. A herd of sheep rests nearby. The old man has a weathered face, and he wears a handlebar mustache. He wears a wide-brimmed hat and a flowing cape. The old man offers the youth a drink of water. At the old mans sheepfold, the shepherd draws water from a deep well.

. The shepherd lives in a stone house, a former ruin he has repaired. The youth notices the shepherd is freshly shaved and all his buttons sewed on. The shepherd shares a meal with the youth and offers shelter for the night. Several family portraits are hung on the walls. The old man opens a sack of acorns and spreads them on the table. He separates the good from the bad. He counts out 100 perfect acorns. Then he prepares for sleep. The young man concludes, Being with this man brought a great sense of peace.

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4. The next day the youth follows the old man as he releases the sheep from their fold. The shepherd takes the bag of acorns and drops them into a pail of water. His walking staff is an iron rod. The old man climbs the hills. Suddenly he stops, drives his iron rod into the ground, makes a hole, and plants an acorn. He was planting oak trees. With infinite care he planted his hundred acorns. Suddenly the screen is filled with acorns and oak leaves. The old man tells his story. For three years he had been planting trees. He had planted 100,000 trees. Of those 0,000 trees had begun to grow. He expected to lose another half of the remaining trees. Because of his efforts, "10,000 oaks would grow on this land where before there was nothing.

5. The young man wondered how old the shepherd was. The man tells him he is 55. His name is Elz�ard Bouffier [hereafter the old man]. The old man recalls his former life. As he talks, we see his wife and child on the farm he once owned. He explains that his child died, and then his wife died. The two figures from his past dissolve as if they were transparent, and the images flow like watercolors until they return to the present. The young man concludes, He had withdrawn into this solitude, where he was content to live quietly. The old man had felt the land was dying. He resolved to remedy the state of affairs. Suddenly flowing images of growing trees, the blue sky, a forest of oaks cover the screen. The old man had told his companion, If God granted him life, in thirty years he would have planted so many more that these 10,000 would be like a drop of water in the sea. Already he is preparing for the future. He has a nursery of beech trees grown from beech nuts.

6. Transition to World War I. Images of marching soldiers, horses pulling caissons, death and destruction of the battlefield. The youth spends five years in the war. After his release, he decides to breathe pure air somewhere, and so he journeys to the barren lands. He wondered if the old man was dead, especially since at 0 we think of men of 50 as ancient with nothing left to do but die. In the distance he notices what appears to be a grayish mist on the landscape, like a carpet. The young man comes upon a swarm of bees. Then we see an old man bent over a hive. He has become a beekeeper. All around them are the oaks planted ten years earlier. When I reminded myself that all of this was the work of the hand and soul of one man, it seemed to me that men could be as effective as God is in tasks other than destruction.

7. They come into a forest of beeches, planted by the old man. Then the old man shows the young man groves of five-year-old birches, planted in 115. Birds fly through the groves. Many of the streams, once barren, now flow with clear water, part of the natural effect of the renewed landscape." The camera moves across field and meadow, stream and dale, showing the colorful foliage, bushes, grasses, trees. Now hunters move through the foliage. They had taken the sudden abundance of young trees as some caprice of nature. The young man wonders "why no one had meddled with the work of the shepherd." He concludes, "Who in the villages could ever have imagined such constant, magnificent generosity.

8. He notes that each year, from 10 on, he visited the old man. He relates the progress the old man made in planting new forests of maples and beeches. At one point he notes the old man stopped speaking, as if he saw no need for it. In 1 the old man is visited by an elderly forester who tells him that lighting fires outside is forbidden. Why? Because it endangers this natural forest. Then the forester tells the old man that this is the first time he had ever seen a forest grow of its own accord.

. In 15 a delegation of authorities arrives in a limousine to examine the forest. As the formalities begin, we see various images of the crowd. Everyone is in awe of the majesty and enchantment of the forest around them. The only decision made that day--the forest would be under national protection and no charcoal fires would be allowed.

10. The narrator recalls that a member of the forestry commission was a friend of his. The following week the two set out to visit the old man. They find him twenty kilometers beyond where the official inspection had taken place. The three men share a meal. They spent several hours in silent contemplation of the landscape. The camera moves across the slopes covered by forests and ends with a closeup of the face of the old man. As the narrator describes it, Regular work, mountain air, the simple life, and above all, peace of mind, had endowed this old man with almost awe-inspiring health. The old man's ruddy cheeks and his chiseled features are shown in a close-up. As the narrator and the forester leave, the latter says,, This man knows more about it than I do. He knows more about it than anyone else in the world! Hes found a perfect way to be happy.

11. The narrator is now a middle-aged man, probably 50. I saw the old man the last time in 145. He was then 87. The camera pulls back to show the narrator is on a bus. He has difficulty remembering details of the landscape. Everywhere he looks there is vitality, color, life. He stands outside and takes in the scene. He notices a fountain, and next to it someone has planted a linden tree, perfect symbol of rebirth. A young mother holds her child above her and swings her around. The child laughs gleefully.

1. The narrator goes for a long walk. He describes the life he sees everywhere there are trees, meadows, crowds of people enjoying the out of doors. Young and old enjoy each other. Families are together. When I think that one man, one body, one spirit, was enough to turn a desert into the land of Canaan, I find after all that a mans destiny can be truly wonderful. The camera pans across the scene, showing the hillside, the town, a large oak tree, and then the old man standing nearby, his back bowed, his head bare. The camera comes in closer to show the white hair and wizened face of the old man. When I consider the passionate determination, the unfailing generosity of spirit it took to achieve this end, Im filled with admiration for this old, unlearned peasant, who was able to complete a task worthy of God. We see an extreme close-up of the old mans face; this image emphasizes his eyes, heavy with age and yet sure of purpose. The camera comes in even more closely until we see only the eye of the old man. The eyelid closes as the narrator says, Elz�ard Bouffier died peacefully in 147. He was 8 years old.

Please note that this sample paper on man who planted trees is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on man who planted trees, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on man who planted trees will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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New economic policy

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on new economic policy. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality new economic policy paper right on time. Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in new economic policy, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your new economic policy paper at affordable prices!

After independence, the country's slogan of 'self reliance' proved to be ostentatious in no time. The evolution of post-Independence economic policy had three basic features autarchic trade policy, extension of public sector, and direct, discretionary and quantitative controls on the private sector. These features interacted in the institutional environment of functioning markets and private ownership of means of production to generate perverse incentives that constricted the operation of the market forces and private economic agents and resulted in a low rate of economic growth of .5 per cent per annum despite the doubling of the rates of domestic savings and investment over the thirty year period 150-80.

Public sector units were expected to operate efficiently and generate resources for further investment. Instead, they were saddled with multiplicity of often-conflicting objectives; they had to accept politically driven inappropriate administered prices for their products and services, and were subjected to bureaucratic and political interference, which made their efficient operation difficult. They also faced the soft-budget constraint with neither penalty for losses nor rewards for efficient functioning. Poor performance of public sector units had multiplier effects through inefficient, low quality and often irregular and fluctuating supplies of infrastructure services and universal intermediate inputs (like iron and steel and financial services), which partly contributed to the inefficiencies of the private sector units. At the macro level, they became a drain on the exchequer through their recurring losses instead of generating resources for investment.

At the same time, complex structure of differential indirect tax rates as also administered interest rates and labor legislation led to distortions in relative product and factor prices and resulted in not only inefficient allocation but also misallocation of resources out of line with relative scarcities of capital and labor.

In spite of rigorous exercise of control over imports and release of foreign exchange, the imports, particularly from the nations of imperialism, grew at an ever-increasing rate. This was caused mainly on account of arms race and ever increasing import of petrol and petroleum products, machinery, equipments, spare parts and other intermediate capital goods. Since these could not be paid by exports, the country faced the problem of ever increasing foreign debt. As on March ending 148, Britain owed India Rs 1610 million. But by March 1, 11, India owed the foreign countries (or Indias foreign debt stood at) Rs 160010 million. Foreign trade deficit14 and foreign debts servicing in 10-1 amounted to Rs 106450 million and Rs 1470 million respectively. Indias foreign currency reserve was equivalent to Rs 114160 million which was highly inadequate to meet the foreign currency obligations arising out of foreign trade deficit and foreign debt servicing, India was unable to obtain loan from international money market on account of its low credit rating. India, thus, was forced to negotiate loans from International Monetary Fund and World Bank in 11 on very harsh conditions whereby foreign exchange control and import restrictions were progressively done away with. The basic approach was to allow the global markets in capital and commodities but not in labor to be eventually made free from restrictions. This was the beginning of the phase of globalization or the phase of Liberalization or the phase of New Economic Policy in India.

In India there were several attempts to liberalize or reform the system of economic management. In 10's, India began to adjust the long-pursued economic policy, which stressed on development of state-run heavy industry and import-substitution. The main contents of the new economic policy consisted of measures such as to relax the control on private enterprises and foreign capital, to open industries (e.g. aluminum making, machine-tool building, chemical industry, chemical fertilizer, electricity, pharmaceutical etc), which had been monopolized by the public sector, to foreign and private capital. Indias competitiveness had weakened because of its technological backwardness. In order to change the situation, the Indian Government revised the policy of import substitution to provide incentives to export and reducing the protection on imports.

In the 10's, the Indian Government stressed on reorganization of low-efficient state-run enterprises and partial disinvestments, further relaxations of the control of private enterprises and foreign capital, introduction of a competitive mechanism, reduction of protection for domestic industries, promotion and importation of advanced technological equipment from abroad etc.

In July 11, India had introduced a series of economic reform measures. These measures were initiated with the purpose of macro-economic stabilization mainly by a sharp reduction in the deficit of the public sector in the Central Government budget. The Government continuously attempted to reduce the ratio of fiscal deficit in GDP by reducing public expenditure, increasing taxation, abolishing part of commodity price subsidies and a partial privatization of public enterprises. In addition, a new trade and industrial policy was announced. The new industrial policy abolished the system of industrial licenses, opened nine of the 17 industries which are monopolized by the state to private enterprises, the proportion of foreign equity was raised from 40 per cent to 51 per cent. It also eliminated licensing requirements for private domestic and foreign investment in certain industries and relaxed the restrictions under the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act on expansion, diversification, mergers and acquisitions by large firms and industrial houses. The power sector, which had been a monopoly of the public sector, was opened to private, domestic and foreign investors. Regulations on pricing and distribution of steel were lifted. Domestic and foreign investors were invited to invest in the production, refining and marketing of oil and gas and in certain segments of the coal industry. A National Renewal Fund was established to assist workers who might be laid off during the process of modernizing, restructuring or closing uncompetitive firms in the public and private sectors. The Committees appointed by the Government to look into the functioning of the financial sector insurance and the tax system have submitted their reports. Another committee has formulated guidelines for the privatization of public enterprises.

The new trade policy de-regularized export and relaxed control over import of advanced technological equipment. In order to promote exports and link India with the world markets, the Government has reduced tariffs many times. In February 1, the rupee on trade account was declared to be fully convertible. In terms of policies related to foreign capital, the important measures which have adopted since 1 include foreign institutions are permitted to buy shares issued by Indian companies; the development of many kinds of minerals has been opened to foreign capital in accordance with the revised law of mineral products and India signed the convention of protection for foreign investment.

The wide-ranging economic reforms in India since 11 involved a major shift in the development strategy. The earlier strategy adopted public sector dominated autarchic investment planning of industrialization with direct discretionary controls on private investment. The interaction of this strategy with the institutional framework of functioning markets and predominant private ownership of means of production pushed the economy into persistent low growth equilibrium. Economic reforms of 11 aim at putting the economy on a sustained and rapid growth path through greater participation in international division of labor and private capital movements, and greater reliance on private initiative and markets, and the consequent shift to market-friendly policy regime.

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Fences

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"And it's one, two, three strikes you're out, at the old ball game." The theme is related to a baseball game. "Troy had three strikes in his life and then he was out" (Bellinelli). One of them was him leaving him at the age around 14 and he attempted robbery and he never experienced any love from his parents so he doesnt know how to give love to any other people. The second strike was when Troy killed a person and he was put in jail but then set free because he wasnt the legal age yet. His third strike was when he had an affair to her wife, Rose, with another woman. He had an affair because he didnt want to be a one woman man.

Troys nine innings was all the main characters in the book he knew. They were Rose, Jim, Lyons, Gabriel, Cory, Raynell, Lyons mother, his father, and Alberto. He acts differently around all of these people. He shows a different side of kindness to each of them. For example, he thinks hes the master of Rose and he owns her, and he doesnt know how to show any love to her because he was never loved by his parents. He dislikes his oldest son Lyons for trying to get a job as a musician and always coming back to ask for money. He never supports his kids Lyons, or Cory. Troy hates his father because of the way he treated him that he left his home around the age of 14.

I think all the baseball terms in this book such as three strikes your out, and nine innings, are suppose to symbolize Troy's struggles. It also symbolizes his death, which he thinks will never happen. For example when Troy is telling his story in Act one to Bono and Rose he says "Death ain't nothing but a fastball on the outside corner" (Wilson). I think this is suppose to mean that because Troy use to play baseball very well, he sees death as something that he knows he could easily hit, and overcome. What Troy seems not to realize is that death is inevitable, and no one is exempt from it.

The play "Fences" is a lesson in hope. First there is hope for a better future for African Americans and by extension, for all humankind. If we view Troys life as a whole, we are looking at an ultimately tragic book of life. "But if we view Troys life as a page in an ongoing story, perhaps we can see it not only as a prelude to a happier time but as a success story of itself" (Bellinelli).

Fences is a play about a national, American pastime. The greatest white baseball player, Babe Ruth, died at 5 years of age; Troy is 5 as the play begins, and a comparison of Troy and Babe Ruth is both compelling and to the point. Babe Ruth was everything Troy is large-spirited, a drinker, and womanizer, physically imposing, and a slugger. It suits August Wilsons purpose, perhaps, to imply their divergent destinies. If Yankee Stadium is, by repute, linked with Ruth, then Troy gives rise to a quite different set of associations a back-alley of Pittsburgh, the life his family leads on his garbage collectors pay, the rag ball he hits with a dusty bat.

August Wilson explains throughout the play that weak characters, mostly men, will allow excuses to interfere in the pathway of their dreams. Troy shows the kind of behavior that ruins his goals instead of persisting in a dream. His poor attitude shows in his relations with his son; he tells his son that football aint gonna get him nowhere (Wilson). Because Troys dream to play professional baseball never came about, he tells Cory to learn something that cant nobody take away (Wilson).

However, everything in Troys life revolves around baseball. While he may not have played professional ball, it is clear that baseball gave him something to live and die for. Still, Troy is so upset about his unsuccessful dreams, that he blames all his failures on others and becomes only focused on easy goals. He drives those who love him away. In the other male characters of the play the same trends of hopelessness and lack of effort are evident. Wilson clearly demonstrates the one's-own-self pain that Troy and others suffer, because of the ruining of their desires.

In Act one, scene one, Troy Maxson states, again, Death aint nothing but a fastball on the outside corner" (Wilson). With this line, the former Negro League star compares his past experiences as a ballplayer with his thoughts. Troy, Bono, and Rose argue about the quality of the Major League black ballplayer compared to Troy when he was in his time. A fastball on the outside corner was homerun material for Troy. Even though Troy feels annoyed from work and deeply troubled by coming along too early to play in the Major Leagues because they were still segregated when he was in top form, Troy believes he is unbeatable when it come to issues of life and death. Troy knows he overcame pneumonia ten years ago, survived an abusive father and conditions in his attempt to live in an urban environment when he walked north to live in Pittsburgh, and jail. Baseball is what Troy is most proud of and knows he achieved this on his own. In this first scene of the play, Troy is afraid of nothing, appreciates his own life, and feels in control. Troys attitude toward death is proud and accepting. Troy says, Aint nothing wrong with talking about death. Thats part of life. Everybody gonna die. You gonna die, Im gonna die. Bonos gonna die. Hell, we all gonna die" (Wilson). He has not recently experienced a personal loss so great that it humbles and weakens his spirit. In the same scene, Troy compares Death to an army that marched towards him in July, 141, when he had pneumonia. He describes Death as "an army, an icy touch on the shoulder, a grinning face" (Wilson). Troy claims that he spoke to Death. Troy thinks he constantly has to be on guard against Deaths army. He claims he saw Death "standing with a sickle in his hand" (Wilson), spoke to Death and wrestled Death for three days and three nights. After the wrestling match, Troy saw Death put on a white robe with a hood on it and leave to look for his sickle.

Troy Maxson states, Death aint nothing to play with. And I know hes gonna get me" (Wilson), but he refuses to accept Death easily. Troy follows the Bible quotation, Be ever vigilant" (Wilson), in his attitude towards Death. In his thoughts of Death, Troy analyzes the form of Death many times. He thinks of from fastball, to a sickle-carrying, devil-like figure and finally thinking of the devil as a Ku Klux Klan member in his white hood ceremony. His image of Death being turned into a marching army or leading an army transforms into this KKK leader image that has camp followers.

As the play goes on, Troy continues to link together his baseball metaphors with his thoughts of death and dying. In the last lines of many scenes, Troy speaks to Death out-loud, antagonizing Death to try to come after him. He then warns Cory that his behavior is causing him to strike out. Cory makes three mistakes in Troys eyes. When Troy so-called "strikes him out" (Wilson), Troy kicks him out of the house. Troys death and baseball metaphors are inextricably linked. Admitting that he was too old to play baseball when the Major Leagues integrated would kill Troys belief that he was directly cheated out of a special life that he deserved and earned. To Troy, it is enough of an injury that the Major Leagues were segregated during his time. He sees baseball as the best time of his life, but also the death of his dreams and hopes. When Cory was born, Troy promised he would not allow his son to experience the same disappointment he had in baseball. So, Troy follows through Corys pursuit of a dream as strong as his fathers as mistakes worth the warning and punishment. Troy believes that he will prevent Cory from reaching the same fate as Troy did.

The comparison and relationship between death and baseball, as well as dreams, is a significant part of the play "Fences." The main character, Troy Maxson, is loved in the beginning of the play, and ends up leaving many negative memories behind after he dies. These memories and un-answered questions are left for his family to sort out. Troy was a baseball star back in the old days and never gets a chance to make it into the Major Leagues. His experiences haunt him when he begins to become sick and realizes that he is never going to make it. This play is a great example of how not all dreams come true. This is just something that we have to learn to accept, and not let it to continually bother ourselves.

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The Test

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on The Test. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality The Test paper right on time. Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in The Test, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your The Test paper at affordable prices with cheap essay writing service! From the time a child takes its first breathe on its own to the time their hair turns gray and their skin becomes wrinkled that person is exposed to thousands of words which are made into magical pieces of literature. As a reader comes to a piece of literature the element of the story that most grabs their attention and implants the words into their mind is the plot. The twists and turns of the Test by Theodore Thomas (10) makes this story one that you will never forget. In The Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allan Poe (108) the conflict between Montresor and Fortunato enhance the plot of the story for entertainment. The Prospectors Trail By Cathy Jewison(1) enhanced the surprise ending by the events and plot complications that lead you astray.

The Test by Theodore Thomas (10) is a great piece of literature due to the plot complications, suspense, and the surprise ending which unfolds. The suspense during the Test brought about a feeling of anxiety to see if Robert would recover from the strike or end in an accident. From the instant the blue convertible smashed into the front end of the car to when the two cars collided suspense was built due to sections such as, Then the left front wheel struck a rock, and the tire blew out.(11) Just as the reader saw that Robert almost regained control another incident occurred to grab the readers attention once more. The suspense contributed to the reality of the accident so as you turned the page you would never expect what was coming next. As Robert awakened he was informed, We hypnotized you to make you think you were in an accident. We do it to everyone these days before they get their drivers license.(1) This event in the plot stunned the readers and gave them a story line that was inventive instead of how every accident ends, with a funeral. This development made the story memorable but the twists didnt end there. The reader continues, coming to another turn in the story, Nobody should want to drive a car after going through what you just went through…Killing people doesnt seem to bother you. We cant let your kind run around loose anymore.(1) This incident brought the reader to a controversial subject, which makes them linger onto the events of the story longer. Some people would say hes learnt and he should be able to drive again because nobody should dwell on their mistakes, others would agree with this outcome. The ending of a short story is a critical step in writing. The Test accomplishes this well; They dragged Robert out the door, knees stiff, feet dragging. As they pulled, his rubber heels slid along the two grooves worn in the floor.(1) The last line brings about a powerful suggestion about society and without the events in the plot this implication couldnt be made. The different elements of plot made this story remarkable and stimulating, with a glimpse of what the future may hold.

The Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allan Poe (108) is a story that can be read for entertainment due to the terror and suspense of the plot. The plot is heightened by the conflict between Fortunato and Montresor. The thousand injuries of Fortunato I had borne as best I could, but when he ventured upon insult I vowed revenge.(108) This quote illustrates an initial conflict between two men that has been pushed to the limit, the point where revenge is the solution. This quote also illustrates the motivation of Montresor, which creates an unstable environment in where he would do anything to get even. This anticipation in the conflict keeps a hold of the readers attention to discover how it will be resolved; this is also accomplished with the help of the suspense. I continued, as was my want, to smile in his face, and he did not perceive that my smile now was at the thought of his immolation.(108) The word immolation, killing, builds anticipation because the reader wants to find out how he plans to kill Fortunato and if his scheme will thrive. This quote allows there to be further suspense throughout The Cask of Amontillado because the reader is on the edge. As Montresor is leading him through the chambers the reader is waiting for him to strike, so the anxiety increases until the instant where Fortunato is buried alive. This brings us to the climax, Yes for the love of God! (11) was the words that Montresor spoke in reply to Fortunatos plea. The climax, an element of plot, is the highest point of suspense, which results in the turning point. This part of the story is what the events and anticipation lead up to, the point where everyone looks forward to. The climax was very powerful in this story since he was buried alive. The reader would agree that without the development of the conflict, suspense, and the climax there would be no story so therefore the element of plot is the most essential.

As a reader interprets The Prospectors Trail by Cathy Jewison (1) the plot complications, motivation and foreshadowing bring a different idea of how Roy made his fortune but in reality the ending showed the shocking truth. The motivation and suspense builds the story line and makes the reader ask the question how he is going to make his living, will he strike gold or open his interpretive center? Well, Yellowknife is the end of the road for me and I dont mean just because the highway ends here, Norman said with a touch of bravado, If I cant make it here, I cant make it anywhere.() A question is asked as a person comprehends this, will he be able to make a living or not? This passage illustrates the motivation of Norman to become something here, right now. His expression makes one think he would become anything just to be able to fulfill a dream, to succeed even at the expense of losing his wife. Six weeks, Jennifer snapped. Unless I catch you wearing a red plaid flannel shirt, in which case Ill leave you on the spot.(4) This foreshadows the events of the ending where Norman accepts the career of Rob and starts to resemble him by wearing a red plaid flannel shirt. When Jennifer sees Norman wearing this style of shirt shes true to her word and leaves. This happens only after Norman overcomes and accepts the plot complication. Oh no! This is how you make your money? Norman demanded. Prospecting and mining. At the dump?() This event introduces a twist to the story. It introduces a complication that the reader wouldnt have seen coming, similar to Norman, they wouldnt have thought anybody could make a living by selling items found at the dump. Throughout the whole story we thought Norman would strike gold, to be able to open his interpretive center, but maybe in the end he did, in his eyes anyway. This quote, Found them at the dump, Norman repeated, but this time he looked her straight in the eye. You wouldnt believe the business potential out there.(1) shows that Norman accepted this way of making a living. He didnt care that he could lose his wife, him keeping his vow that this was the end of the road for him, held him there. The actions and details of the plot made the ending a surprise due to the extensive details focusing on prospecting, which to most people means gold. This story was one that a reader would recommend due to the foreshadowing, plot complications, motivation and above all the ending. Cheap Custom Essays on The Test

Glimpsing at the three short stories the Test(Thomas, 10), The Cask of Amontillado(Poe, 180), and The Prospectors Trail(Jewison, 1) one can see that plot is the most essential component. Without the elements of plot such as motivation, plot complications, conflict, suspense and the outcome there would be no story. The only features left to write about are the characters and setting, which without the plot to help them develop and change, theyre useless. Society can compare the element of plot to each of their lives. The initial incident is what starts their lives, birth. Throughout the years, they grow and experience many conflicts between other humans, the environment, society, and themselves. These struggles shape the way their minds deal with problems, their outlook on life, whether they volunteer for the community or recycle. Furthermore they obtain the general knowledge of life. Also the plot complications and dilemmas in stories are compared to the paths and choices made in life, which will guide the type of person theyll become. Life needs these fundamentals of plot just as much as a story, therefore the plot elements are what make a story whether its an imaginery one or the one people will recount on as their grandchildren sit around the fire for a story.

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Corporate social responsibility

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Corporate and social Responsibility

It has been said that companies have a corporate social responsibility, that is that they are

"accountable for any of its actions that affect people, their communities and environment". This extends to many areas, including but not excusive to business ethics, the environment and the community well being. Companies hold the power to greatly affect those around them, in both positive and negative ways.

One example of this is Local Economic Development. This is when a company invests in an area with encouragement from the government, through local authorities (i.e. county council). If an area is in decline, facing issues such as high unemployment and its knock on effects, such as crime and deterioration, then the government employs the help of business organisations. The government has its own budget for regeneration, yet it is not normally enough on it's own. Through incentives such as a reduction in business tax, provision of land and infrastructure they encourage businesses to set up in these declining areas. The expected benefits of this are positive multiplier effects. If there was an increase in employment through a new business, there would be more cash in the local economy. Increased spending could (and hopefully would) trigger more demand. This could then lead to even further employment in the area to cope with the demand. If events continued in this fashion the area could see itself out of an economic decline, attracting people from outside of the area to spend within it. Benefits from this can be an even further improved infrastructure, public services and an increase in house prices. However, this development and improvement only happens through government intervention. Companies do not, in general, do this off their own back, even though the benefits to society are numerous. Instead companies often choose better developed areas, which can contain similar companies. An example of this is Silicon Valley, known for its extensive list of information technology companies. Through basing itself in such an environment, a business can add prestige to its reputation, as general public opinion of such areas is normally very positive.

Trans-national corporations can have similar effects, such as positive multiplier effects, but it is a very different form of enterprise. Trans-national Corporations, or TNC's, have operations, mainly manufacturing , situated in a different country, which is normally a lesser economically developed country. The main reason for this is the lower cost in wages, as local wages are much less than western wages. Companies such as GAP, Nike and Reebok partake in such activities, choosing eastern countries such as Thailand, Korea and India. Again, they are offered incentives, such as tax breaks, but in this instance the government provides these to be more favourable than the other potential countries. These manufacturing plants create employment that may not have been previously present. This also can create positive multiplier effects in the local area. Some companies, such as Nike, have set up schools within their plants, to provide general education for their workers. This can increase the human capital of the area, making people more employable for the future. These are the positive sides of direct foreign investment, which show the existence of some social responsibility. There are, however, negative effects which show a lack of social responsibility. The fore-mentioned companies have been the long standing subjects of issues such as child labour, poor safety standards and abuse of workers. This has happened to such an extent that hundreds of thousands of people demonstrate annually (May Day rally) in protest to the methods employed, and that is just the United Kingdom. Through the presence of these large companies, smaller local companies can find it harder to survive. Because companies conduct a large amount of their business in the foreign currency they must then convert it to their own domestic currency (normally U.S. dollars) before depositing the funds back into the company. The sale of large amounts of the foreign currency can severely devalue it, as a surplus can then exist for which there is no demand. The use of child labour has been a highlighted issue for TNC's. Companies again including Nike and Reebok have been found to be employing children as young as 1, with many aged 14 to 15. For this they received much criticism, and have since introduced new working standards to adhere to proposals from the Fair Labour Association. Many people are so strongly opposed to the use of this type of labour that hundreds of thousands protest against it, at the annual May Day Rally. It is quite easy to apply western standards to the eastern countries that these factories are present in, which raises the issue of whether people should. Social perception differs in the east, and so do social practices. Many of these countries live in a society where the young look after the old, meaning they are the ones who work and earn wages for the family. If the TNC's were not present in the country the young would still be working, just not in factories. The main area of employment in LEDC's is agriculture, which is where they might have worked. Others are not so luck and can find themselves working in illegal enterprises, such as prostitution and drug trafficking. Through the presence of TNC's people are given the opportunity to make an honest living. Overall these companies display a realisation of responsibility towards others, be they workers or the communities around them, otherwise known as Stakeholders.

The Stakeholder theory states that organisations have a duty of responsibility to all those who have a stake in the business. This extends from the workers, to the consumers and to those in the surrounding communities, even their effects to world as a whole (such as pollution).

Concern for the environment is a growing issue, with businesses being targeted for their environmental stances. The main problem for organisations in "Keeping Green" is that it isn't always cost effective. To produce less pollution can involve spending more money, which businesses are never keen on. One attempt at controlling emissions was the Kyoto agreement. Roughly it entailed the issuing of pollution credits, which allowed countries a quota on how much pollution they could produce. Any spare credits that were unneeded could be sold on to other countries. Subsequently the United States bought up these spare credits, allowing them to legally produce at times up to 70% of the worlds pollution (mainly emissions). The next nail in the coffin for the Kyoto agreement was when George W. Bush took power. Shortly into his term he announced that the U.S. would no longer adhere to the agreement as it "was not in America's economic interests". With the U.S. being the largest producers of pollution, it was a mute point whether other countries continued to abide by the agreement or not.

Although implementation of environmental policies for organisations is initially not cost effective, more and more are realising the long term benefits. Consumer preference in modern society is leaning towards environmentally friendly companies, with consumers now often choosing ozone and eco-friendly products over those which aren't. Observing public concern, companies are now changing their ways. Annual reports for most companies now contain information on their environmental policies, including their implementation. Although costly to implement, environmentally friendly systems can be said to be wise economic decisions in the current market, meeting consumer demands. There is a potential flaw in this though. If extra business is not generated to a suitable level after investing in an environmentally friendly system, costs to the business can rise. Increased costs can lead to drop in quality, lower wages and even unemployment. These possible eventualities would not reflect well of showing corporate social responsibility, so it remains a tightrope for businesses.

Overall, in the modern business world companies are making more and more of an effort to fulfil moral obligations to all stakeholders and the earth itself. There is still much room for improvement, and many issues that still need addressing (such as sexism, racism and many other forms of prejudice) but the general impression is that the wheels are turning, albeit slowly.

Please note that this sample paper on corporate social responsibility is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on corporate social responsibility, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on corporate social responsibility will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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