Chlamydia ¡§ Infection and Heart Disease Linked Through Antigenic Mimicry.¡¨ Kurt Bachmaier

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Chlamydia ¡§ Infection and Heart Disease Linked Through Antigenic Mimicry.¡¨ Kurt Bachmaier

Nalin Perera

MCDB 167

Cheap University Papers on Chlamydia ¡§ Infection and Heart Disease Linked Through Antigenic Mimicry.¡¨ Kurt Bachmaier

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INTRODUCTION

Evolution of microbes has provided some advance features for them to adopt to their surrounding environment. One of these features is that their ability to disguise themselves as the host to survive from possible immunological responses. Due to this mimicry, immune cells can mistakenly act on bodys own tissues. This is believed to be the way of getting inflammatory heart disease following Chlamydia infection. Chlamydia pathogen makes a peptide that mimics a portion of a heart muscle specific myosin peptide. This bacterial protein causes CD4+ T cells to recognize heart muscle specific peptide in association with MHC class II molecules and attack the heart muscle causing a severe inflammation. Eventhough the exact mechanism which this inflammation occurs is unknown, amino acid segment that causes for the disease in mice and human have been identified.

METHOD AND RESULTS

BALB/c mice were immunized with 0 amino acid peptide of the cardiac specific �myosin heavy chain molecule [��mhc (amino acid 614 to 64)] and this caused to induce a severe inflammatory heart disease in those mice. Induction of disease from first 16 amino acids of �myosin heavy chain [��mhc (614-6)] , designated as M7A��, was compared with the homologous region of �myosin heavy chain isoform, designated as M7A��, and no induction of the disease by the of �myosin heavy chain isoform was observed (See Table 1 and Fig 1A & 1B. Substitution of single amino acid into M7A�amino acid residues xxxxMAxxxSTxxxxx ( x is any amino acid) were important for the pathogenacity of M7A�in vivo. Disease was induced when homologue human M7A�was injected into BALB/c mice. This showed that the conservation of immunogenic amino acids between human and mice �myosin heavy chains. Homologous peptide sequences from the 60 kD Cysteine-rich outer membrane protein (CRP) from different serovars of Chlamydia trachomatis [designated as ChTR1(serovar E), ChTR (serovar C)and ChTR ( serovar L1,L & L)] as well as C. Pneumoniae (ChPN) and C. Psittaci (ChPS) were screened ( Table 1). There were no other conserved regions found on the primary sequences besides MAxxxST motif in all screened samples.

To test the antigenic mimicry between Chlamydia peptide and M7A�for antigen induced inflammatory heart disease, BALB/c mice were immunized with murine M7A�or homologous 60-kD CRP p11-derived peptides in Freunds complete adjuvant (FCA). This experiment showed that all of the Chlamydia derived peptides induced myocarditis comparably lower severity when compare with M7A��-immunized mice but they all occurred at a similar frequency (Table 1).

Immunohistochemical characterization showed that inflammatory infiltrate in ChTR1 peptide induced heart disease was similar to cardiac myosin and cardiac myosin induced myocarditis and consisted of about 11% CD4+ and 1% CD8+ T cells, 16% B0+ B cells and 61% CD11b+ macrophages ( Fig 1).

Possible inflammation on heart that could caused by peptide sequences which were responsible for inflammating other vital organs such as Liver, Lungs, Kidneys etc. was tested by injecting mice either with human immunodeficiency virus- [gp 160(71-8), INFIGPGKGSPDE] or parainfluenza virus 1 [HT8b hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (1-0), DLVFDILDLKGKTKSPRYK]derived peptide which shared homology with other immunogenic regions of the mouse

��mhc molecule [��mhc (75-747), GQFIDSGKGAEKL, and ��mhc (14-), DSAFDVLSFTAEEKAGVYK]. This test did not induce inflammatory heart disease.

One another experiment was conducted to test the mimicry between cardiac specific peptide and Chlamydia derived peptides which was indirectly confirmed the peptides other than M7A�did not responsible for myocarditis. BALB/c mice were immunized with M7A��, ChTR1 or another cardiac specific ��mhc-derived peptide (designated as kk�and it was restricted to I-Ak MHC class II molecules). kk�immunization induced myocarditis in A/J (I-Ak) mice but not in BALB/c (I-Ad) mice. 8 days after the immunization with M7A�or ChTR1, but not kk�alone, splenomegaly occurred and also increase the count of TCR ����+ CD4+ T cells, B0+B cells and CD11b+ macrophages. Also, splenic T cells proliferated strongly upon incubation of splenocytes with either M7A�or ChTR1 (Fig A). But this proliferation did not occur when �×-irradiated splenocytes incubated with non-pathogenic kk�peptide. This experiment was further expanded as follows

- splenic T cells were proliferated to ChTR1 and M7A�when mice immunized with ChTR1. But this proliferation did not occur when mice were immunized with FCA. This proved that ChTR1 peptide immunization can cross-primed for T cell reactivity against the endogenous M7A��.

Another experiment was conducted to identify the epitope spreading. In case of autoimmune myocarditis, T-cell dependent autoantibodies are produced against cardiac epitopes. Immunization with M7A�induced the production of serum antibodies for disease inducting M7A�peptide, ChTR1 peptide and kk�peptide. When mice immunized with ChTR1 peptide, the same response was observed. This conclude that, in both cases, it caused epitope spread at B cell level. Chlamydia infection occur in Lungs and reproductive organs. FCA was used as a potent immunoactivator in the experimental model which was design to identify how the infection on these organs induce myocarditis. A test was done find whether bacterial DNA-derived synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated CpG islands could act as adjuvant for peptide mediated autoimmunity. ODNs containing various synthetic CpG motif has the ability to trigger autoimmune myocarditis in M7A�peptide immunized BLBA/c mice (Table and Fig 1F). Immunization of BALB/c mice with a CpG ODN derived from the C. Trachomatis CRP gene plus the M7A�autoantigen induced myocarditis in the absence of FCA (Table and Fig 1F). Immunization in which a control non-CpG ODN was used plus peptide did not induce disease ( Table ). Thus, CpG containing Chlamydia DNA can function as potent immunoactivator for autoimmunity.

Mice immunized with Chlamydia peptide, developed perivascular fibrosis (Fig A & B), fibrinous occlusions of cardiac blood vessels (Fig C & D) and thickening the arterial walls. Endothelium originated ), fibrinous occlusion in blood vessels occurred 60% (sample size )when mice immunized with Chlamydia peptides and 67% when immunized with M7A��. This situation did not observed when they were immunized only with FCA.

Activation of autoaggressive T and B cells were detected following Chlamydia infection. BALB/c mice, infected with C. trochomatis through respiratory track and reproductive organs, developed production of IgG antibodies to heart specific epitopes (Fig 4). Since the production of IgG antibodies to heart specific epitopes depend on the activation of T and B cells, this experiment provided proof for activation of autoaggressive lymphocytes in BALB/c mice caused by infection of C. Trachomatis.

SIGNIFICANCE

When carefully study these experimental results, it can be seen that Chlamydia peptides mimic the effect of ��mhc derived epitopes in heart muscle and autoaggressive T cells that were activated in respiratory tract and reproductive organs, could caused organ specific inflammation in the heart. Due to these reasons, it can be concluded that the Chlamydia DNA act as a potent adjuvant which facilitate the activation of autoaggressive T cells.

Chlamydia infection is very common in human population but not every person experience myocarditis, caused by the infection. This is due to genetic differences and other risk factors such as smocking, high blood cholesterol which influence to the body¡¦s response to Chlamydia infection.

These experimental results leads to an another conclusion which is all three Chlamydia species, that the researchers mentioned, cause infections leads to antigenic mimicry of autoaggressive myosin epitopes by peptides. Bacterial infection initiate the disease and then inflammation is maintained by epitope spreading.

Chlamydia infection leads to the production of inflammatory cytokines, bystrand activation of lymphocytes or both. This could also link to initiate the cardiovascular disease. All the in vivo and in vitro evidence of antigenic mimicry between Chlamydia peptides and heart specific peptides, provided from these experiments prove that the Chlamydia peptides has the ability cause inflammatory heart disease.

REFERENCES

1. Chlamydia ¡§ Infection and Heart Disease Linked Through Antigenic Mimicry.¡¨ Kurt Bachmaier et al. Science 8 18-, 15- (1)

. Immunology,rd ed.17, Janis Kuby

. Chlamydia as Pathogens ¡§New Species and New Issues.¡¨ Rosanna W. Peeling, www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/volno4

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Self- assesment

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Popular Answers to Some Psychological Questions[1]

by H. K. Nixon

1. INTRODUCTION

The keenest classroom discussions in psychology center around such questions as telepathy, pre-natal influence, external signs of character, and the like. The beginning student especially, while willing to admit ignorance on many technical questions, comes to psychology with certain concepts of causation in human behavior quite firmly fixed. One of the common duties of the instructor is to help him sort over this initial stock of ideas, discarding some and working others into a more scientific formulation. A survey, therefore, of the prevalence of such common ideas may be of decided value to the psychologist as a starting point for his [] educational program. The results of such a survey are presented in this article.

This field has been investigated in a more general way by several writers. Conklin presents material on superstitious belief and practice among college students. He found that 8% recalled that they had believed superstitions at one time or another, 7% of the men thus reporting and 0% of the women. 40% of the males and 66% of the females admitted present superstitious belief or practice. ... Gould, Peters, and Dresslar have likewise made special studies of this subject. []

The purpose of the present investigation was somewhat more specific than that of those noted above, in that the primary interest was not in such general superstitions connected with black cats, spilled salt, and the like, but in beliefs which have greater scientific sanction. For that purpose, the list of 0 shown in the following questionnaire was selected, and presented in the form shown.

DIRECTIONS

Below are a number of statements. Some of them you may consider true, some of them are false. If you think a statement is substantially true, draw a circle around T; if the statements if false, then a circle around F. Where it seems debatable, mark as seems to you nearest right.

1. T F The number of mans senses is five.

. T F A child comes into this world with an instinctive knowledge of good and evil. This is his conscience and is born in him.

. T F Certain lines in a persons hand foretell his future.

4. T F If you will stare at a persons back you can make him turn around. This is a form of telepathy.

5. T F It really is unlucky to have anything to do with the number thirteen.

6. T F A mans character can be read by noting the size and location of special developments of his head.

7. T F People with greenish eyes are not as trustworthy as people with blue or black eyes.

8. T F An expectant mother by fixing her mind on a subject can influence the character of her unborn child.

. T F Women are inferior to men in intelligence.

10. T F People born under the influence of certain planets show the influence in their characters.

11. T F Intelligence can be increased by training.

1. T F Long, slender hands indicate an artistic nature.

1. T F Beginning an undertaking on Friday is almost certain to bring bad luck.

14. T F If a man but had faith enough he could heal a broken limb instantly.

15. T F Many eminent men have been feeble-minded as children.

16. T F Some animals are as intelligent as the average human.

17. T F No defect of body or mind can hold us back if we have enough will power.

18. T F Adults sometimes become feeble-minded from overstudy.

1. T F All men are created equal in capacity for achievement.

0. T F The marriage of cousins is practically certain to result in children of inferior intelligence.

1. T F Especially intelligent children are likely to be weak and retarded physically.

. T F The study of mathematics is valuable because it gives one a logical mind.

. T F A square jaw is a sign of will power.

4. T F You can estimate an individuals intelligence pretty closely by just looking at his face.

5. T F A high forehead indicates intellectual superiority.

6. T F Fear is unnatural. It is a bad habit.

7. T F Women are by nature purer and better than men.

8. T F A person who does not look you in the eye is likely to be dishonest.

. T F Man is superior because his conduct is very largely guided by reason.

0. T F Any physical or mental disease can be contracted by thinking about it.

It will be observed that the ideas here expressed range from some which are quite apparently pure superstitions to some that would occasion considerable discussion among a group of scientific men. It was the intention to make use of ideas which in the main have had the stamp of disapproval placed upon them by modern investigations. It was, however, found impossible to phrase the statements in such a manner to avoid all chance for quibbling and charges of ambiguity. In general it seems likely that if the list were submitted to a group of psychologists there would be less than 1% of unqualified affirmative answers. The difference between that small percent and the averages for the groups which were secured to take part in this investigation may serve as a rough indicator of the present prevalence of unscientific beliefs among the educated members of our population.

The subjects of this investigation were 140 women and 1 men, students in elementary psychology in Columbia University, Columbia University Extension, and evening classes in New York University. ...

The questionnaire was presented to these students without any comment or discussion other than the reading of the directions. They were allowed to take their own time in making the answers. In a few cases there were questions, in which instances the student was instructed to answer as it seemed to him nearer right. In general the time taken was about 8 min. The questions usually served to arouse much discussion and demands to be told the answers and to be informed as to scores.

THE RESULTS OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE

A. Number of the 0 Statements marked as True. ...

[Table I is omitted here. The original article includes a complete frequency table for the number of males and the number of females marking 0, 1, , ..., statements true. Some information from the Table has been added, in square brackets, to Nixons next paragraph.]

...males on the average marked between 10 and 11 statements as true, while the women average slightly more than 1. Considering the S.D.s these differences are probably significant. [Sample SDs were . for men, 0.7 for women. The greater variability among men and the sex difference in the means were] probably due to the inclusion of 5 Columbia College men who showed an inclination to mark relatively few of the statements true. ... Considering the groups together, it is to be seen that on the average a little more than one-third of the statements are marked true. Persons marking only [or fewer] as true [14 persons] or persons marking more than 0 [ persons] will be exceptional. We cannot be sure what it means to mark only a few. It may mean greater familiarity with scientific knowledge, and it may merely mean greater caution. On the other hand, a person who marks 0 or more of the statements true is probably relatively ignorant of the point of view of modern psychology. ...[4]

B. Per cent of Ss Believing each Statement.

... It will be seen from this Table [Table II, part of which appears below] that about 80% of the Ss thought that intelligence can be increased by training.... On the other hand, the ideas connected with thirteen and Friday are relatively unpopular... On the basis of Conklins work it is probable that many of the Ss are actually influenced in their actions by these popular superstitions, but most refuse to mark them as true.

TABLE II

Relative Prevalence of the 0 Beliefs

% marking as True

No. Idea involved Males Females

11 Intelligence increased by training 7 80

Math gives logical mind 76 81

1 Number of senses five 76 78

Man superior because of reason [5] 64 58

18 Adults feeble-minded from study 56 57

4 Face shows intelligence 50 6

1 Artistic nature indicated by fingers 4 5

6 Character indicated by head shape 40 51

17 Will power supreme 5

5 High forehead shows intelligence 4

8 Prenatal influence 8 44

7 Women purer by nature 8 5

15 Early feeble-mindedness of great men 6 5

4 Telepathic influence of staring 6 56

6 Fear unnatural. A bad habit 5 47

Square jaw sign of will power 4 50

0 Marriage of cousins gives deficients 4 50

8 Shifty eye shows dishonesty 47

1 Bright children physically retarded

Instinctive knowledge of good 1

0 Physical disease by thinking of it 1 44

16 Some animals superior in intelligence 5 48

1 Men created equal in capacity 0

Women inferior to men in intelligence 16 5.7

10 Character influenced by planets 15 0

14 Broken limb healed by faith 5.7

Lines in hand foretell future 8 5

7 Green-eyed people untrustworthy 4 4

5 Thirteen unlucky 1 0

1 Friday unlucky 1 0.7

There appears a general tendency for the misconceptions most widely held -- those at the top of the table -- to be due to ignorance or with the specific sense in which the psychologist uses the terms involved, as e.g., intelligence. The difficulty is then a simple one of lack of information. In the middle of the list fall ideas which are widely held, which are very popular, and which are often exploited by various agencies, such as the newspapers, but which have been definitely discredited... It is here that class discussions wax the hottest, and it it is on those subjects that the instructor in elementary psychology should fortify himself with as much concrete evidence and as many experimental data as possible. At the lower end of the list appear popular superstitions which are widely known and acted upon, but which are usually quite frankly recognized for what they are.

§ Back to previous page Readings index Working syllabus Send comments

Notes

[1] American Journal of Psychology, XXXVI (15), pp. 418-4. Abridged slightly here, with omissions indicated by ellipses [...]. There are no footnotes in the original article.

Back

[] Almost 40% of the psychology students in this study were women. For he, him, his and man, Nixons readers conventionally understood both sexes, unless a specific gender comparison was being made. One of the true-or-false statements in the questionnaire, however, struck me as ambiguous -- see if you have the same difficulty when you get to that part of the article.

Back

[] Journal editors didnt require specific references, or even authors initials, in 15. If you run across the reports by Conklin or by Gould, Peters, & Dresslar, do please email the references to me and I will add them to this reading.

Update Dr. Christopher Green, York University, Toronto has kindly supplied the Conklin and Gould references and one for Peters which may be relevant

Conklin, Edmund S. (11)

Supersitious belief and practice among college students. American Journal of Psychology, 0(1), 8-10.

Gould, R. L. (11)

Supersitions among Scottish College Girls. Pedagogical Seminary, 8, 0-48.

Peters, C. C. (11)

Notes on Methods of Isolating Scientifically the Objectives of Religious Education. Pedagogical Seminary, 8, 6-81.

Back

[4] It seems that in 15 few students guessed that all of the statements were intended to be false, although 5 persons

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¡°Critically evaluate the factors a firm might consider when setting the prices of its products¡±

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on ¡°Critically evaluate the factors a firm might consider when setting the prices of its products¡±. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality ¡°Critically evaluate the factors a firm might consider when setting the prices of its products¡± paper right on time. Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in ¡°Critically evaluate the factors a firm might consider when setting the prices of its products¡±, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your ¡°Critically evaluate the factors a firm might consider when setting the prices of its products¡± paper at affordable prices!

¡°Critically evaluate the factors a firm might consider when setting the prices of its products¡±

According to Marcouse (1) ¡°price is one of the main links between the customer and the producer¡±. The simplest definition of price is the amount charged for a product or service. Setting the right price of a product is very important for a firm because is the only element in the marketing mix that produces revenue. It can also be very difficult to determine the right price of a product because there are several factors that a firm might consider before putting the price. The examination of these factors is vital for a firm because if the price is not ¡®right¡¯ (for the consumers) they may lose customers or lose revenue. Therefore, I will critically evaluate some of the internal and external factors a firm might consider when setting prices.

Source Kotler and others (14) Cheap Custom Essays on ¡°Critically evaluate the factors a firm might consider when setting the prices of its products¡±

The graph above shows the various factors affecting the price decisions of a product. If a firm wants to set the right price for its products it must considerate these factors in order to do so. The pricing decisions are made by evaluating the internal factors (marketing objectives, marketing mix strategy, costs and organisation for pricing) and the external factors (nature of the market and demand, competition and other environmental factors).

The Marketing Objectives are significant when setting prices because different firms may differ in their objectives. There are a lot of objectives a firm may have but the clearer a firm is about its objectives, the easier is to determine the prices of its products. The most common objectives are survival, profit maximisation, market-share leadership and product-quality leadership. If the main objective of a firm is the survival of the company, the price of its product must be low and profit is not as important as the survival of the firm; for example the Sega Dreamcast, being a more powerful console than the Sony Playstation one, was struggling to survive because it was not doing very well in the video-games market. Sega lower the console prices at the same level of the Playstation one but they could not afford their losses so they had to remove its product from the market. Profit Maximisation consists in setting prices high in order to obtain maximum welfare from the products. IBM is a great example to describe this type of marketing objective; they sell their computers at high prices even when competitors offer the same or almost the same characteristics for their computers. The advantage of IBM is that the have loyal customers, but they are gradually losing those customers because there is little difference between their products and the competitors products. Market-share leadership is when a firm sets its prices at the lowest price possible in order to gain market share and hopefully be the leader of its market. For example, SKY TV set the prices of their TV boxes very low in order to take over other competitors (ITV Digital). This strategy is damaging SKY TV¡¯s profits but is damaging even more its competitors. Product-quality leadership consist in creating the best products in the market. Sony is a good example because they have the best walkman technology (innovation) in the market. They were the first developers of the walkman technology and they keep innovating in order to create the best product in the market.

Another factor a firm might consider when setting prices is the Marketing Mix Strategy. The elements of the marketing mix (product, price, promotion and place) are linked. Decisions made for other marketing mix elements may affect pricing decisions. Products can depend on price or non-price factors. If a product depends on price factors, the pricing decisions will be made first and then the other decisions from the marketing mix elements will take place. For example a lot of Japanese firms such as Sharp, Nissan and Toyota apply a technique called target costing where they try to make a product within a cost range, if they achieve the target costing they can then proceed to set the price. If a product depends on non-prices factors, the pricing decisions will depend on the decisions made on the other elements of the marketing mix. For example, Sony provides their customers good products that guarantees a long life, thus the people will not need to spend on this product in the future for malfunctioning.

Cost is a very important factor to evaluate when a firm is setting prices. The price set for a product is expected cover the cost of production, a contribution, distribution, effort put on the product. Therefore having low cost of production is a major advantage against competitors, because a firm is able to set prices below competitor¡¯s prices and yet be profitable. There are two variables firms should consider in order to lower their costs. Firstly, the cost of production at different levels, a firm may reduce costs by determining the quantity at where the costs of production are minimum. For example, if a bakery produces (hypothetical data) less than 400 pieces of bread, the bakery is increasing their cost per unit because they are not using fully their machinery, if it produces 400 pieces of bread we can see how the cost per unit are at the lowest because the fixed costs are spread thought the unit but if the bakery tries to make more than 400 pieces of bread the machinery may break down leading to an increase in the cost per unit.

Source Kotler and others (14)

Secondly, a firm might increase productivity from production experience. After a period of time the workers at a firm may know some tricks or shortcuts to do a faster and better job on the firm, therefore by increasing quality and quantity a firm may reduce its costs. Henry Ford, by deskilling of work and studying the most efficient workers of his factory, could determine how the productivity of his firm might make more products reducing costs of production.

The nature of the market and demand is a very important factor a firm might consider when setting prices, because there are different types of markets that contain different types of demand for the products. There are four types of markets and these are perfect competition, where the suppliers are price takers and the non-price marketing mix elements play little role, such as agricultural goods. Monopolistic competition where the suppliers have some power over the price and the non-profit marketing mix elements can help a firm to gain economies of scale. Oligopoly where the suppliers have a lot of power over the product¡¯s price and a price-cut from one company is likely to lead to a price cut in the competitors¡¯ price. Monopoly where there is only one supplier that have absolute control over the price of the product. A non-regulated monopoly has the power to charge high prices for their products. Demand is also different among products. The demand for most of the goods is a downward sloping curve, but the demand for luxury goods is different. From the graph below we can compare the demand curves for most goods and for luxury goods. If a perfume price is increased from p1 to p the customers will be attracted to it because they think an expensive perfume is better, but if the price is increased from p to p the costumers will think the perfume is overpriced and the sales will fall.

Source Kotler and others (14)

The price elasticity of a product is essential when setting prices for a product. The price elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of demand to a change in price. A product can be elastic or inelastic. The demand in elastic products change little in comparison to the inelastic products, therefore it is better for a elastic product to be sold as cheap as possible and for an inelastic product to be sold as high as possible in order to maximise profits.

Source Kotler and others (14)

Finally, competition is another factor a firm might consider when setting the price of a product. Competitors are always trying to find the best way to take over the rivals market using pricing and marketing strategies, hence, the firm might ask other customers to see how their service is or it may check the competitors¡¯ prices. The firm must also look at the quality of the rival product to put a price on its product. For example, The Sony Playstation was launched one year and a half ago and the Microsoft Xbox was launched at the end of 001. The advantages of the Playstation (PS) is that you can play Playstation one¡¯s games and it has a wider variety of than the Xbox, but the Xbox offers a better graphic resolution that sounds very promising. The Xbox was set higher than the PS, but the PS has been more successful than the Xbox through the world, especially in Japan after the Xbox sold consoles that wrecked the DVDs (they have been repaired). If the PS price is higher than the Xbox, the PS would lose the battle because the Xbox is a more powerful console than the PS (better graphic resolution).

In conclusion, all the factors are worth considering before a firm starts to set the prices of its products. The right price will increase profitability as well as other factors like growth and development of the firm. By doing this research a firm might reduce the problem of setting the wrong price. It is hard work to consider all the factors but a good research might give guidance on the price the product should have.

Please note that this sample paper on ¡°Critically evaluate the factors a firm might consider when setting the prices of its products¡± is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on ¡°Critically evaluate the factors a firm might consider when setting the prices of its products¡±, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on ¡°Critically evaluate the factors a firm might consider when setting the prices of its products¡± will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The video vill also be included in the DVD Audio release of the new album, (Street Date .0.0) this release contains the album in excellent 5.1 surround multichannel sound mix, playable on all DVD players, including Bonustracks Satan My Master (Bathory Cover), ) Progenies Of The Great Apocalypse (orchestral version), ) Eradication Instincts Defined (orchestral version) as well as the very first Dimmu Borgir videoclip for Death Cult Armageddon Progenies Of The Great Apocalypse (Video Edit), Photogallery and all lyrics)

Death Cult Armageddon

Norway's DIMMU BORGIR have managed to become the most prominent and important Melodic Black Metal act around the globe. With their new studio album "Death Cult Armageddon" DIMMU BORGIR reach an even higher level, climbing up the next step close to Baphomet's Throne. "Death Cult Armageddon" was recorded and produced by Frederik Nordström at the Swedish Fredman Studios (In Flames, HammerFall etc.). DIMMU BORGIR always stood for the orchestral side of Black Metal; classical arrangements have ever been a certain aspect in their unique sound. To give the songs an even more authentic feeling, the band recorded parts of the album along with the Philharmonic Orchestra Prague, which consisted of 46 professional musicians. This is feeling of majesty and power that makes the Norwegians special. "Death Cult Armageddon" is their most varied and therefore also most extreme album.

Also check out the new sound samples

Progenies Of The Great Apocalypse

For The World To Dictate Our Death

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Video for Progenies Of The Great Apocalypse

Be sure to check out the new Dimmu Borgir video for the song Progenies Of The Great Apocalypse this is an awesome piese of work and every metal fan should check it out, you can see a clip of the video at the nuclear blast website

The video vill also be included in the DVD Audio release of the new album, (Street Date .0.0) this release contains the album in excellent 5.1 surround multichannel sound mix, playable on all DVD players, including Bonustracks Satan My Master (Bathory Cover), ) Progenies Of The Great Apocalypse (orchestral version), ) Eradication Instincts Defined (orchestral version) as well as the very first Dimmu Borgir videoclip for Death Cult Armageddon Progenies Of The Great Apocalypse (Video Edit), Photogallery and all lyrics)

Death Cult Armageddon

Norway's DIMMU BORGIR have managed to become the most prominent and important Melodic Black Metal act around the globe. With their new studio album "Death Cult Armageddon" DIMMU BORGIR reach an even higher level, climbing up the next step close to Baphomet's Throne. "Death Cult Armageddon" was recorded and produced by Frederik Nordström at the Swedish Fredman Studios (In Flames, HammerFall etc.). DIMMU BORGIR always stood for the orchestral side of Black Metal; classical arrangements have ever been a certain aspect in their unique sound. To give the songs an even more authentic feeling, the band recorded parts of the album along with the Philharmonic Orchestra Prague, which consisted of 46 professional musicians. This is feeling of majesty and power that makes the Norwegians special. "Death Cult Armageddon" is their most varied and therefore also most extreme album.

Also check out the new sound samples

Progenies Of The Great Apocalypse

For The World To Dictate Our Death

› Ask questions to Dimmu Borgir 18 Sep 00

› Dimmu Borgir on Norways official Top100 15 Sep 00

› Various clips from the Norwegian press 0 Sep 00

› Norwegian Concert details 1 Aug 00

› The new Dimmu Borgir video is online 0 Aug 00

› Off-topic/Chat thread Posted today

› Opeths new album?! Posted today

› best metal singer (in general) Posted today

› Mayhem Studio Albums Posted today

› The Box and the DVD Version??? Posted today

Our users have posted a total of 144 articles

To support their upcoming new album Dimmu Borgir have sceduled european concert dates for 00. Check the concert page for information on citys and venues.

- Europen tour 00

- US tourdates 00FAQ | Search | Memberlist | Usergroups | Register | Profile | Login to check messages | Login

Video for Progenies Of The Great Apocalypse

Be sure to check out the new Dimmu Borgir video for the song Progenies Of The Great Apocalypse this is an awesome piese of work and every metal fan should check it out, you can see a clip of the video at the nuclear blast website

The video vill also be included in the DVD Audio release of the new album, (Street Date .0.0) this release contains the album in excellent 5.1 surround multichannel sound mix, playable on all DVD players, including Bonustracks Satan My Master (Bathory Cover), ) Progenies Of The Great Apocalypse (orchestral version), ) Eradication Instincts Defined (orchestral version) as well as the very first Dimmu Borgir videoclip for Death Cult Armageddon Progenies Of The Great Apocalypse (Video Edit), Photogallery and all lyrics)

Death Cult Armageddon

Norway's DIMMU BORGIR have managed to become the most prominent and important Melodic Black Metal act around the globe. With their new studio album "Death Cult Armageddon" DIMMU BORGIR reach an even higher level, climbing up the next step close to Baphomet'FAQ | Search | Memberlist | Usergroups | Register | Profile | Login to check messages | Login

Video for Progenies Of The Great Apocalypse

Be sure to check out the new Dimmu Borgir video for the song Progenies Of The Great Apocalypse this is an awesome piese of work and every metal fan should check it out, you can see a clip of the video at the nuclear blast website

The video vill also be included in the DVD Audio release of the new album, (Street Date .0.0) this release contains the album in excellent 5.1 surround multichannel sound mix, playable on all DVD players, including Bonustracks Satan My Master (Bathory Cover), ) Progenies Of The Great Apocalypse (orchestral version), ) Eradication Instincts Defined (orchestral version) as well as the very first Dimmu Borgir videoclip for Death Cult Armageddon Progenies Of The Great Apocalypse (Video Edit), Photogallery and all lyrics)

Death Cult Armageddon

Norway's DIMMU BORGIR have managed to become the most prominent and important Melodic Black Metal act around the globe. With their new studio album "Death Cult Armageddon" DIMMU BORGIR reach an even higher level, climbing up the next step close to Baphomet's Throne. "Death Cult Armageddon" was recorded and produced by Frederik Nordström at the Swedish Fredman Studios (In Flames, HammerFall etc.). DIMMU BORGIR always stood for the orchestral side of Black Metal; classical arrangements have ever been a certain aspect in their unique sound. To give the songs an even more authentic feeling, the band recorded parts of the album along with the Philharmonic Orchestra Prague, which consisted of 46 professional musicians. This is feeling of majesty and power that makes the Norwegians special. "Death Cult Armageddon" is their most varied and therefore also most extreme album.

Also check out the new sound samples

Progenies Of The Great Apocalypse

For The World To Dictate Our Death

› Ask questions to Dimmu Borgir 18 Sep 00

› Dimmu Borgir on Norways official Top100 15 Sep 00

› Various clips from the Norwegian press 0 Sep 00

› Norwegian Concert details 1 Aug 00

› The new Dimmu Borgir video is online 0 Aug 00

› Off-topic/Chat thread Posted today

› Opeths new album?! Posted today

› best metal singer (in general) Posted today

› Mayhem Studio Albums Posted today

› The Box and the DVD Version??? Posted today

Our users have posted a total of 144 articles

To support their upcoming new album Dimmu Borgir have sceduled european concert dates for 00. Check the concert page for information on citys and venues.

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s Throne. "Death Cult Armageddon" was recorded and produced by Frederik Nordström at the Swedish Fredman Studios (In Flames, HammerFall etc.). DIMMU BORGIR always stood for the orchestral side of Black Metal; classical arrangements have ever been a certain aspect in their unique sound. To give the songs an even more authentic feeling, the band recorded parts of the album along with the Philharmonic Orchestra Prague, which consisted of 46 professional musicians. This is feeling of majesty and power that makes the Norwegians special. "Death Cult Armageddon" is their most varied and therefore also most extreme album.

Also check out the new sound samples

Progenies Of The Great Apocalypse

For The World To Dictate Our Death

› Ask questions to Dimmu Borgir 18 Sep 00

› Dimmu Borgir on Norways official Top100 15 Sep 00

› Various clips from the Norwegian press 0 Sep 00

› Norwegian Concert details 1 Aug 00

› The new Dimmu Borgir video is online 0 Aug 00

› Off-topic/Chat thread Posted today

› Opeths new album?! Posted today

› best metal singer (in general) Posted today

› Mayhem Studio Albums Posted today

› The Box and the DVD Version??? Posted today

Our users have posted a total of 144 articles

To support their upcoming new album Dimmu Borgir have sceduled european concert dates for 00. Check the concert page for information on citys and venues.

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Please note that this sample paper on BOB is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on BOB, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on BOB will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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More than any other country Germany were most to blame for starting the First world war. Do you agree?

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on More than any other country Germany were most to blame for starting the First world war. Do you agree?. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality More than any other country Germany were most to blame for starting the First world war. Do you agree? paper right on time. Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in More than any other country Germany were most to blame for starting the First world war. Do you agree?, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your More than any other country Germany were most to blame for starting the First world war. Do you agree? paper at affordable prices!

The controversy, as to what extent Germany played in determining the outbreak of the First World War, is one that has caused debate amongst prominent historians. The First World War was started by many underlying factors such as imperialism, nationalism and the forming of diplomatic alliances, culminating in the outbreak of hostilities on the 8th July 114. The question is were Germany the main instigators and purely to blame.

Europe at the beginning of the 0th century was rapidly changing, there were also many wars and ongoing battles being fought between rival imperial countries. An example of this is Russia expanding its country eastwards which led to the Russo-Japanese war in 104-105. There were also the two Moroccan crises of 105 and 111 respectively which helped sour relations between many of the imperial powers before 114. As they all had a desire for a place in the sun, countries like Germany, Britain, France and Holland. Also there were the two Balkan wars of 11 and 11 which further demonstrated the weakness of the Ottoman Empire and how it could be exploited and which strengthened the position of Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece and Montenegro the so called Balkan league within the Balkans. Austro-Hungary looked upon this with great uneasiness due to Serbia becoming more influential. Europe was also the centre of many new alliances being formed between former colonial rivals. Such as the Franco-Russian alliance formed in 18 which promised assistance of either power if being attacked by Germany. Similarly France and Britain settled their colonial differences in 104 and signed a treaty pledging their military support if attacked from another country, Germany looked upon this as a nightmare coalition and started there fears of encirclement. Germany also had a coalition they were called the central powers, Germany and Austro-Hungary they also pledged military support and also had very nationalistic ideas. They had theories of Social Darwinism the idea of survival of the fittest. Both countries were very expansionist and wanted a larger living space.

Austro-Hungary at this point and the Hapsburg Empire were faltering and Serbia as a sovereign state was becoming more powerful. Especially after the Belgrade coup of 10 which saw the leaders of Serbia become more militaristic as they aimed for a greater more powerful Serbia. Austro-Hungary feared that Serbia were becoming to strong and were looking to address the situation in the near future. Franz Duke Ferdinand the heir to the throne of Austro-Hungary however was very influential in stopping any military action towards Serbia or any other country in the Balkans. His assassination on the 8th June 114 in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip of the Black Hand terrorist organisation is stated as being the main reason for the war starting. However the incident is just the catalyst for a localised war being escalated into a world war, and it gave Austro-Hungary the excuse they needed to regain their controlling role over Serbia. After Ferdinand's assassination it took just six weeks for a localised dispute to turn into a world war.

There were six countries and many reasons why this localised conflict turned into a world war within six weeks. Austro-Hungary could be apportioned for the blame for starting the war due to the fact that they invited Germany to join the war if Russia intervened on behalf of Serbia which was more than likely. Austro-Hungary also just used the assassination as an excuse really to create a war with Serbia they were also willing to start another Balkan war. Since the begging of the 0th century Austria felt it necessary to eliminate Serbia as a political factor in the Balkans. They also sent an unacceptable ultimatum to Serbia stating that Austrian officials should be allowed onto Serbian soil they also declared war five days afterwards Austria were also the first country to declare war. However it has been stated that Austria used the war as a way to deflect attention from the faltering empire and the problems that they were facing within home soil. Serbia also could be labelled with some blame for the outbreak of hostilities. This is due to the fact that they had state sponsored terrorism and there are reports that the government knew about the assassination. The government also knew that their would be repercussions from this. Jon Lowe an historian agrees with this fact, there is also the fact that Serbia could have been more amenable with the demands of a more powerful country Austria. Serbia had also fomented trouble with Austria for years this may have been for the fact that they knew that had a world power like Russia for military support.

Do my essay on More than any other country Germany were most to blame for starting the First world war. Do you agree? CHEAP !

"In 114 both Austria-Hungary and Serbia engaged in brinkmanship. Displaying great recklessness in a tense situation. In the view of some historians, the critical decisions were taken by the, rather than by Germany or Russia. In this sense, the 114 might be considered as the 'Third Balkan War'1

Russia, France and Britain in their own way must shoulder some of the blame also for the First World War. Russia in particular must take some of the blame. Due to the fact that they were the First of the great powers to mobilise even before Germany had declared war on them. This incensed the Germans and escalated the situation. The Russian leaders also failed and were unwilling to restrain the Slavs and told them to be defiant to Austrian demands which again dint help the situation. Russia also gave Serbia her military backing which gave Serbia confidence to reject parts of the ultimatum as Russia had the biggest army in the world. France played their part to in the hostilities as the hard long term feelings for revenge after the loss of Alsace �Lorraine after the Franco Prussian war which they wanted to get back off Germany, they also re-armed their military and gave Russia her military backing and offer of renewed support during the July crisis. All of these reasons further destroyed already weak relations with Germany and helped to bring about the outbreak of war. After the alliance of Britain to France it was seemingly impossible that Britain would stay out of the war, but they didn't necessarily have to get involved. Britain also should shoulder some of the blame as they could have acted and tried to restrain Russia and her war aims, they also had a naval commitment to France which they said they would uphold. Britain also had naval meetings with Russia which made Germany fear that their encirclement was complete. It was also not at all in Britain interests to let Germany start a war and invade neutral countries thus they can be apportioned some of the blame due to they could have been firmer with Germany and declared their intentions earlier.

"A blunt statement to Germany on the 6th July that Britain would intervene on the side of France might have deterred Bethmann-Hollweg from pushing Austria into her suicidal declaration of war on Serbia, but no specific warning was forthcoming form Grey until the th July.

These five countries played a part in the immediate and long term causes of the Great war, however their was one major underlying factor which escalated the war from a localised affair into a world one and that was Germany.

After the visit of Count Huyos on the 5th July 114 to Berlin seeking assurances of German support for military action the Kaiser told him that they could count on their full support, even if it meant that there was a probability of 0 per cent of a European war if Austro-Hungary took action against Serbia. Germany made many deliberate decisions which led to a world war. An example of this was the introduction of the Schlieffen plan which was endorsed in 105. A plan which states that the fight a war on two fronts always attacking France first and then Russia as it takes them longer to mobilise due to the size of the country. A plan of which they followed in 114, nine years after the plan had been introduced. Germany wanted war in 114 due to her fears of encirclement by the Triple Entente and the rising power of the Russian army which would have been at its strongest in 117. Germany also had problems on the home front fears of the rise of socialism which led the government to contemplate a war as a diversion. Germany also issued the blank cheque to Austro-Hungary and increasingly told Vienna to make her demands to Serbia strong so that there was no way that they could accept the terms. It has been argued by historians such as Beckett, Geiss and Wilson that Germany knew exactly what they were doing when it came to war, Germany wanted more colonial gains and there is evidence in the archives that a deliberate decision on war was taken in 114. "A moment so favourable from a military point of view might never occur again". German leaderships were intent on war and had no intention of keeping it localised and embarked on war with determination. German historians however argue that the war was a preventative war due to their encirclement even though there was no direct threat to Germany at that time. Germany also blocked many mediation attempts from the British foreign minister Lord Grey pleading with the German ambassador not to go to war. Arguably Germany could have stopped the war by not issuing support for Austria. It has also been stated that maybe Germany made many miscalculations where the war was concerned. The backing of Austria backfired on them it could be argued and also they had hope the Britain and Russia would stay neutral. It was also evident that there was panic throughout Berlin when conflict became inevitable, which may lead one to believe they weren't as intent on war as first thought. Germany and her leaders also had the idea of trying to make everybody else look like they were to blame for the war so they could get support from the people within Germany. They were constantly trying to blame Russia for the war starting. As they did not declare war on Russia, France and Britain until Russia began to mobilise on the th July. Germany also were led to believe that Britain would not enter the war due to the problems they had with the Irish home rule crisis.

Please note that this sample paper on More than any other country Germany were most to blame for starting the First world war. Do you agree? is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on More than any other country Germany were most to blame for starting the First world war. Do you agree?, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on More than any other country Germany were most to blame for starting the First world war. Do you agree? will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Management theory

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Taimur Ali Tiwana

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Management has been around since the dawn of civilization. In primitive societies everyone had to do labour. When we read that Pharaoh built the Pyramids, we know that in fact other people did that actual work, as these labourers cut, moved, and placed the stones. The first managers were to tell them what to do, to see what they did it, and to chastise those whose performance was unsatisfactory. Another example of Management in the ancient times is the Great Wall of China.

Management is vital in every type of organization. The duty of a manager is to set high standards by intelligently and efficiently leading its organization by adapting to new ways as required by the society. The 1st century has seen new types of organizations and new ways of doing business arise, so, too will there be new management trends, ideas, and techniques.

In the last three decades a large number of management theories and concepts were presented but the primary challenge to the previous bureaucratic management theories came from the successful Japanese business culture, which sent shockwaves through Western business thinking in the 170's.

An organization may have more than one manager who have special concerns that may be at the highest and the lowest level and set long term goals and sometimes are involved in the day to day activity of the business. Managers try to accomplish their objectives in the shortest period of time and in an organized manner. They have to make instant decisions and inability to cope with change in result in disastrous consequences including not only financial loss but also the loss of organizational reputation. Wise managers having acumen apply the best current thinking and strategy.

Organizations in today's global environment operate dynamically. Introduction of sophisticated new economies, technological advancements and competition from emerging nations, all contribute significantly in making most organizations unstable and volatile. For organizations to continue keeping that upper hand in the market and maintain their stability, they need to manage change and be innovate. External environment outside organizational boundaries influence how the organization operates and how and what it produces, consequently it plays a major role in shaping manager's actions.

Due to the increasing rate at which the change in the environment is occurring the managers are not sure about the outcomes of their decisions, as the outcomes of changes are hard to identify. Managers are held responsible for the slow down and the speed up of the business as they are the strategy makers and it is his or her responsibility to get much better work for the working staff and to take care of the assets and possessions of the organization.

Technological, Economic, and Socio-culture are significantly changing the way management is conducted these days and are the powerful levers for influencing the field of management to take it to a new and higher level.

Technological effects

The speed at which improvements in technology have occurred is increasing at an ever-expanding rate. Its effect on management is reduction in costs of doing business and saving valuable time.

Over 100 years ago standard for general merchandise marketing for managers was through catalogs, but during this 100 years technology has completely changed the way management is conducted. Technology has affected managers in every field and has reduced the cost of input. With new technologies managers find new ways to transfer resources into a product or service, using new materials, new methods, machines and techniques. Technology helps produce cheaper, faster and better and in a way helps companies to prosper.

Technological dimensions are the methods available for converting resources into products or services, which includes improved information technology and more efficient operating systems. Managers study the impact of technology in practice and are the basis for improvements in its application and help to improve the strategic effects of investment in technology.

Today managers have found new ways of communicating through telephone, fax, Emails, SMS, web-collaboration, Document Management, IP Telephony, e-business systems and through many other means. Internet has facilitated managers today with much greater access to the information, who now can sort and process information faster and is able to communicate with others without any difficulty. They can connect their computers and telecommunication devices into an integrated system. For example a manager of a stock exchange company will have up to second information about his company which definitely will help him make his job easier and well-organized. Computers have revolutionized the way management is done these days. Hardware devices like Disk Drives, which stores large amounts of Data are commonly used and eliminate the hassle of bookkeeping and manual record keeping as it is easier to capture, manipulate, store, and share information. Devices like Scanners, Video Input Devices and computer programmes like AutoCAD, Microsoft word, Microsoft Excel and other managerial tools have taken management to a new level and have changed the way business is managed. The use of Mobile phone has connected every personnel of an organization anywhere they are. Electronic communication systems reduce the effect of distance and allow one-way conversation when the planned recipient is not available.

Managers must have up to date and latest information about the domestic and international market to cope with technological changes as failure to do so may wipe out certain organizations from the marketplace. They must use the proper work techniques and latest means to get their job done effectively.

"Applications of computer and communications technology have revolutionized the way most business professionals work and play essential roles in the way businesses compete. The personal impacts starts with the personal productivity tools such as word processors and spreadsheets that have become essential for everyday office work. Communication tools such as voice mail, electronic mail, cellular telephones, and pagers have made communication so much more immediate that people in fast-moving firms sometimes feel overwhelmed with the amount of communication they receive."

(Alter,S. 1,rd edition, Information Systems, a management perspective,p.6).

Technology helps produce cheaper, faster and better and assists companies to prosper, but due to technological changes some managers are faced with many implications to their IT decisions that the managers of yesterday were not involved in. As Technology improves at an ever faster rate and the market drives prices lower, power higher and Technology as a whole further, managers are forced with increasingly more difficult decisions as technological innovations effects are unforeseeable. A company's strategic and secret information stored in the computers can be hacked by its rivals or can be used by the unauthorised personnel in an illicit way. Data error can also create a panic in an organization. Combating these difficulties can be made more manageable, and accomplished by being aware of the implications and being abreast of the technology available at any given time.

Managers face serious competitive challenges due to the rapid rate and unpredictability of technological advances. Managers have to be innovative with their ideas and decisions in order to keep floating in the market. So Companies that survive and prosper are those whose management is able to guide the process of change so that the organization makes the necessary adaptations in the face of altering conditions of technological improvements. So managers try to satisfy the customer groups it is targeting, by technologies it use and the functions it performs in serving the target market.

Economics affects

Economic changes have played a major part in shaping current management practices and are significantly changing the way management is being conducted. Economy is the financial strength of a country. Managers always keep in mind the economy of the region where they are operating business and set the price of their products accordingly. Many firms engage in price discrimination when selling their products and in a way maximize their profits. They charge more prices from the buyers who can afford the product at a high price and low price for their customers who cannot buy it at higher price. For example fast food giant McDonalds realise price discrimination by charging relatively low in low economy countries like Afghanistan and charging more in the more developed countries like North America and Europe. In this way firms increase their sales and revenues with the expense of slightly high marginal cost for the extra units sold.

Recession, unemployment rate, rate of investment, deregulation of the banking industry, rapid rise and fall of oil prices, variations in the inflation rate, floating exchange rates are some of the economic factors. Consumer buying power in the country where the economy is low and people are on low income cannot afford to buy luxurious products and it would not be sensible to offer such a product in large quantities in that region for a firm. For example a luxury car making company like Mercedes or BMW would probably not yield any profit if it starts making cars in some low economy country. The fundamental task of management is to mediate in establishing good relationship between economic environment and the organization and how these economic factors could affect the company's long and short-term goals. In order to hold a competitive edge in the marketplace, managers must be aware of the economic transitions at the national level and as well as globally. They must have correct strategies to cope with the changing conditions of the economy of the country to keep the business going even in a sluggish economy.

"No organization can afford to ignore the effects of global economic and political forces on its activity. The rise of low-cost foreign competitors, the development of new technology that can erode a company's competitive advantage, and the failure to exploit low-cost sources of input abroad can all doom an organization that does not change and adapt to the realities of the global marketplace"

(M.G Jennifer, R.J Gareth, 00,rd edition, "Organizational Behaviour", p.647.)

When inflation takes place in the country the currency depreciates and organizations realise higher costs of input due to the higher salaries they pay to their workers and labourers and increase in prices of the resources uses to make the product as was the case of Brazil during the late 1880s and early 10s.To solve this organizations had to cut down other costs and adjust their operations due to the poor economy of the country.

A decrease in the real wealth of the individuals of a country will result in decreased number of buyers of the product and therefore less demand of the goods the firms make and in turn the firms have to react by cutting on the prices so that they can at least generate the cost price of the product or in some cases firms will sell at below cost in order to avoid a total loss.

The firms should keep in mind the rules and regulations of the country they are operating in, as the government may be imposing restrictions and price ceilings by which the company may be in danger of inflicting losses.

A healthy Economy is absolutely vital for an organization to gain economic profits and to be successful. Managers should be prepared for the unexpected changes in the economic conditions of the country they are operating in if they are to continue running their business successfully.

The incident of 11th September 001 has brought great change in the economic world. Many major companies had to shut down their business and one such popular company was Ansett Australia that went out of business.

So, If Organizations are to survive in the long-term, managers must learn how to create organizational architectures that can be at once, centralized and decentralized, small and large, local and global i.e. ambidextrous.

Managers cannot operate independently and be isolated and must be informed about the global and domestic changes taking place.

Please note that this sample paper on management theory is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on management theory, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on management theory will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Queen Elizabeths effect on theatre

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Queen Elizabeths effect on theatre. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Queen Elizabeths effect on theatre paper right on time. Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Queen Elizabeths effect on theatre, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Queen Elizabeths effect on theatre paper at affordable prices with cheap essay writing service! Queen Elizabeth came to be known as one of the greatest rulers of the English empire. Under the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, a more efficient government was created. The church was unified, the English empire was expanded, and language, literature, and theater flourished to a greatness that would be impossible for almost any other period of English history, or any other European empire, for that matter, to match. Although there was a great rise in literature,it was theater that catapulted to greatness during Elizabeths reign. Out of Elizabeths era came Elizabethan theater. Elizabethan theater has such a variety of topics, that would make it virtually impossible to talk about in ten pages. The focal point of this paper will be on Queen Elizabeths contributions to theater as well as her favor to Children of Pauls, or Pauls Boys (a Boy Company) and the Queens Men and Lord Chamberlains Men (two Adult Companies). Prior to Elizabeths reign, those members of the Tutor family enjoyed entertainment consisting mainly of court tournaments. Within these court tournaments bear baiting was the most popular event. Although Elizabeth found this hugely diverting, theater was her entertainment of choice, for Elizabeth found such cruel spectacles...an unattractive feature of the age (Somerset 67). However, regardless of her opinion, countrymen saw nothing wrong with bear baiting, and continued the event. Even though Elizabeth was a great lover of theater, that does not mean that theater, was not put down routinely. The Puritans found Elizabeths interest in theater to be utterly reprehensible, actors to be a contemptible breed, and the theaters that they performed in nothing more than brothels (Somerset 68). But throughout Elizabeths forty-five year reign, she protected and uplifted the adult and boy companies, when enemies from the clergy and sometimes the council sought to put them down (Clunes 7). To the Queens interest, some six to ten plays were given every winter at court and she saw many others when in progress throughout the country or while attending weddings or banquets in London.(Clunes 7) Within time, Elizabeth was awarding more performances in court. That is one of the ways Elizabeth helped the theater arts to florish. The more performances that were given, the more theater became popular, and the more the people of England wanted to see it. The Companies During the Elizabethan Era many things emerged. Amongst them was the creation of Adult Companies. Approximately twenty-four Adult Companies were developed. (The Count Intruders, The Earl of Leicesters men, Lord Richs Men, Lord Abergavennys Men, The Earl of Sussexs Men, Sir Robert Lanes Men, The Earl of Lincolns (Lord Clintons) Men, The Earl of Warwicks Men, The Earl of Oxfords Men, The Earl of Essexs Men, Lord Vauxs Men Lord Berkeleys Men, the Earl of Arundels Men, The earl of Hertfords Men, Mr. Evelyns Men, The Earl of Derbys Men (Lord Stranges) Men, The Earl of Pembrokes Men, The Lord Admirals (Lord Howards, Earl of Nottinghams), Prince Henrys, and Elector Palatines Men, The Lord Chamberlains Men (Lord Hunsdons) and Kings Men, The Earl of Wostersters and Queen Annes Men, The Duke of Lennoxs Men, The Duke of Yorks (Prince Charless) Men, and The Lady Elizabeths Men) But even before Adult companies, there were approximately eleven Boy companies. ( Children of Pauls, Children of the Chapel and the Queens Revels, Children of Windsor, Children of the Kings Revels, Children of Bristol, Westminister School, Eton College, Merchant Taylors School, The Earl of Leicesters Boys, The Earl of Oxfords Boys, Mr. Stanleys Boys) These two umbrella catagories would be the main source of theatrical entertainment. When Elizabeth took the throne, boy companies were very much in existance. The boy companies had a very recognized place in the theatrical world, since the middle ages (Hillebrand ). Watching the boy companies perform became her favored pastime during the first ten years of her reign. The majority of performances awarded by the queen were given by the boy companies; between 1558 and 1576 the queen awarded seventy-eight performances. Out of those seventy-eight performances forty-six went to boy companies and only went to adult companies. Out of those forty-six performances, twenty-one of those were given by Elizabeths favored boy company, the Children of Pauls. This was all do to the great leadership of Sebastian Westcott. Sebastian was made master of the song school in 1560 (Chambers 1). Little is known of his earlier life, but throughout his tenure as director of Pauls Boys, they were to perform no less than twenty-seven times at court between 1560 and 158. The boys performances, though enjoyed by the queen, would come under great scrutiny from Puritan preachers. In a pamphlet attacking a specific boys, group the writer unknown stated plays will never be suppressed while her majestys unfledged minions flaunt it in silks and satins... These pretty upstart youths profane the Lords day by the Lascivious withering of their tender limbs and gorgeous decking of their apparel in feigning bawdy fables gathered from idolatrous heathen poets (Pg 68 Somerset). These were sentiments shared by many Puritans but that was not to stop many of the court appearances. The Pauls Boys would go on to perform such pieces as The Bugbears (a translation from the Greek of Euripides, by Lady Lumley), Error, Titus and Gisippus, The Marriage of Mind and Measure, Scipio Africanus, and Cupid and Psyche. Westcott Died in 158, which would start the downfall of the Pauls Boys. They would change masters three more times and give less and less performances at court. The next septennial period, 158-0, would witness the extinction, for a decade or more, of the boy companies. It is stated that the ultimate success of the professional organizations may largely have been due to their employment of such university witts as Marlowe, Peele, Greene, Lodge and Nashe.(Chambers 5) The adult Companies were no better liked than the Boy Companies. In many instances Elizabeth was called upon to intervene with royal rule. For example in 1574, Elizabeth was annoyed to hear that the city fathers had turned down a request from the Leicesters Men that they might be permitted to perform in recognized places in London (Somerset 68). Without much reservation, she overturned the city fathers decision and issued the Leicesters Men a license allowing them to use, exercise and occupy the art and faculty of playing...stage plays...as well for the recreation of our loving subjects, as well as for our solace and pleasure (Somerset 6). This was not the only instance where royal intervention took place. Another illustration of the queens backing of theatrical events took place in 158. A scaffold had collapsed in one of the tournament games, causing eight deaths. The city authorities then used this as an excuse to close all playhouses in the interest of public safety (Somerset 6). This would start a formation of Adult companies by the queen and wealthy nobleman. Ater being taken in by wealthy nobleman and the queen, adult companies were assured protection from puritan city authorities. During the period of the 1580s, the Queens Men would become the most famous of all Adult companies. Not only were they wearing her livery, the twelve hand-picked actors were considered to be the best in the profession (Chambers 10). They were sworn in as her servants and were able to commence in doing what they did best, entertaining the queen and her court. The Queens Men was the main attraction at court. During the Queens Mens theatrical life, they would tour throughout England; no group drew a larger crowd than the Queens men. They would travel to places like Canterbury, Cinque Ports, Southampton, the Welsh boarder, and the Yorkshire hills in Airedale (McMillin MacLean ). They would also go on to perform many plays including The Famous Victories of Henry the Fifth, Phillyda and Corin, Felix and Philiomena, King Leire, Selimus, The True Tragedy of Richard III, Peeles Old Wives Tale, and many more. (Chambers 114) But what made the company a favorite besides the point that it was the Queens company, was actor Richard Tarlton. Richard Tarlton was considered to be a comic genius (Somerset 6) Through Tarltons acting, the Queens Men would be even more popular. He pleased everyone; it is said that just his appearance would send the audience into uncontrollable laughter (Somerset 70). But he pleased no one more than the queen, (McMillin and MacLean xiii). Tarlton was not considered a dramatic actor; his talents ran more to jigs and themes (Chambers vol. II 10). When Richard Tarlton died in 1588, the Queens Men began an irreversible decline. Their fall was unforeseen. In 150-1 they gave four Court plays to two by their rivals; in 151- they gave one, and their rivals six (Chambers vol. II 6). The Queens Men were reduced to forming a coalition with the lord Sussexs men (Chambers vol. II 6). After the decline of The Queens Men, it was the Chamberlains Men who were favored more than any other Adult performing company at Queen Elizabeths Court; It is The Chamberlains Men who made the English history play count in the 150s (McMillin and MacLean xiv). It is rather complicated to try and explain the history of the Chamberlains Men. Henry Carey was the first Lord Hunsdon and patron of Hunsdons men, and The Hunsdons Men existed from 1564 to 1567. Henry Carey then accepted office as Lord Chamberlain in 1585, and took under his patronage The Lord Chamberlains Men. After the Death of their first patron, his son George Carey, the nd Hunsdon took on the job as patron and again changed the name to Hunsdons Men. When the office of Chamberlain was offered to him, George again changed the name back to Lord Chamberlains Men. The Chamberlains Men were housed in the theater known as the Newington Butts and for a short time at the Cross Keys Inn. They later relocated to The Theater and when The Theater was dismantled , the troupe was rehoused in the Globe Theater. The Chamberlains Men were not only housed in The Globe, but the principle men of the troupe, Richard and Cuthberg Burbage, Pope, Phillips, Heminges, Kempe, and Shakespeare, designed and built it, paid for the leased land that the theater sat upon, and ran the theater. It was said that from a dramatists and actors viewpoint...oustandingly the most attractive playhouse in London (Thomson 18). They would go on to perform shows written by Ben Jonson, Thomas Dekker, and shows written together by Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher. The group put on such plays as Othello, Henry V, The Merchant of Venice, Macbeth, King Lear, Measure for Measure, The Merry Wives of Windsor, Anthony & Cleopatra, The Fair Maid of Bristow and many, many more. Though they performed plays by other playwrights, it was Shakespeare who was their principle playwright. Though we may have lost many documents from the period of Elizabeth, or may not have found all documentaion, we mantained enough to see, if not immensely, a little bit of the profound effect Queen Elizabeth had on the arts. If Elizabeth had not meddled in the affairs of the arts Elizabethan Theater may not have had such a lasting affect on following generations. She not only stood up for and protected professional acting troupes, she influenced and helped popularize the backing of Adult companies by pulling in wealthy citizens and convencing them to take on Adult companies in their name, offering them protection and finacial backing. Through her help and the support of her council we can enjoy Elizabethan theater and theater in general for years to come.

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